ABSTRACT
This research was part of large-scale project developing silvicultural techniques to improve afforestation success at coastal dune-Kebumen coastal area. Natural plant stablishment of the coastal dune, is hampered by harsh environmental conditions particularly low nutrient, low water holding capacity, high temperature and strong wind along the land surface area. The purpose of this research is to examine the addition of ameliorant (soil surface and organic matter) to survival Casuarina equisetifolia inn. in coastal sand dune at dry season. This research was carried out at Kebumen beach area during dry season (April-October 2008). There are two factors tested, 1) addition of soil surface (v:v) (0%, 20%, 40%) and 2) addition of organic matter (v:v) (0%, 10%, 30%, 50%). There are 12 treatments and each treatment consisted of 20 seedlings. Research design use was the RCBD by three blocks as replication. Variable of survival and water holding capacity of medium was measured. The results showed that pre planting addition of ameliorant (40% soil and 10% composted organic matter) into sand basic medium increased the survival rate up to 78.3% of two months old C. equisetifolia seedling after planting. The addition of soil of both at 20% and 40% by volume increased the survival seedlings significantly at average of 60.83% and 63.75% respectively. The addition of organic matter at 10% by volume increased the survival seedlings significantly at average of 65.55% respectively. No significant survival effect was found at the addition of 30% and 50% organic matter on the basic sand medium.

ABSTRACT
This research was aimed to predict the erosion danger level at Cisadane Watershed Area based on the Universal Soil Loss Equation formula, by applying a Geographical Information System analysis. Based on the formula, we used four types of maps, i.e. rainfall, soil, slope, and land cover maps. On each map, classification was done to get four to five classes based on a specific factor standard. An overlay process was done to get the final result, i.e. erosion danger level prediction. The level was classified into five categories those were very heavy, heavy, medium, light, and very light. The results showed that the erosion danger levels at Cisadane watershed area ranged from very light to very heavy, with the percentages of the affected areas are 55.84%; 15.74%; 6.33%; 0.81%, and 0.30% respectively. The very heavy and heavy danger areas covered 316 ha. and 851 ha. respectively. Tamansari was a sub-district with the most extensive area of the very heavy danger level, i.e. 87 ha. Othersub-districts with vast heavy danger areas were Tenjolaya, Caringin, Cijeruk, and Nanggung. The results can be used as a database to make a good planning watershed area management.

ABSTRACT
Rapid development in various sectors and areas as well as increasing of population will encourage greater variety of needs, one of which is the need for water resources, including groundwater. Unwise exploitation of groundwater resource would turn out a problem in the future, because of the resource limitation. One of the impacts that has occurred in the recent time is drought. Anticipation and groundwater use control in terms of fitting between demand and potency are needed. The aims of this research were to obtain information on groundwater usage and conservation through setting up groundwater potential map based on groundwater characteristics, groundwater contour and flow direction map, and to determine recharge and discharge area. The research was conducted in Bantul District, Yogyakarta Special Region Province. To accomplish the research aims, scoring approach of groundwater characteristics (groundwater freatic depth, electric conductivity, and groundwater fluctuation) was used. Data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The results of the research showed that: 1) groundwater zoning can be used to determine groundwater potency and usage in order to maintain groundwater resource sustainability; 2) River in Bantul district is effluent, in which the river is supplied by ground water making the river water flow throughout the year; 3) Bantul district is dominated by discharge area (31,564.5 ha), and the recharge area covers 19,887.5 ha (Landform has an important role for this condition); 4) Groundwater potency in Bantul district spreads into: low (0.7 ha), moderate (13,958.7 ha), and high (37,474.5 ha) potency, which implied that groundwater potency in the district is relatively high; 5) Based on groundwater analysis, recharge area of Bantul district that has to be conserved is 16,927.6 ha while the discharge area is 16,972.6 ha. 

ABSTRACT
Behaviour of bayan sumba bird (Eclectus roratus cornelia Bonaparte) is necessarily observed to support the captive breeding in Hambala, East Sumba. This research aimed to identify the health, breeding ability, and process of adaptation of the bird to new environment to find out about proper management of captive breeding. Bird’s behavior was directly observed in captivity. The research found that the bayan sumba bird in Hambala had four main behaviours consisting of 13 kinds activities. These behaviours were (1) moving consisted of flying, walking, fighting, and hanging activities, (2) idle consisted of perching, resting, and exposing himself to the sun activities, (3) ingestive covered eating, drinking, and cleaning up activities, and (4) mating consisted of approaching to attract a hen, touching head of hen (with his beak), and paying court to a hen activities. The averages of moving, idle, ingestive, and mating behaviour frequencies were 12.59, 16.5, 6.43, and 1.9 times respectively.

ABSTRACT
Rhizophora mucronata Lamk is one of mangrove species used to rehabilitate mangrove shrubland in west and east coasts of South Sulawesi. Mangrove is difficult to grow in steep coasts with high waves and strong tides. These conditions prevent the accumulation of mud, the substrate needed for growing mangrove. The purpose of this research is to know the growth of R. mucronata including density, stem height, root height, and the number of roots at different substrate condition at mangrove rehabilitation area in East Sinjai, South Sulawesi. The research was done by making observation plots systematically in every growth location. The distance between each plot was 100m. The size of the plot was 5 m x 5 m with the assumption that each plant measured was at the size of seedling and pole. The plots were made at the growth location in four villages with three growth orientations: sea, middle, and land. The results showed that there was a significant substrate difference in all four observed locations. Density was lessened the more the orientation went toward the sea. The highest density occurred in Samatarring with the average of 61 tree/25 m². There was a significant difference on the stem height, the height and number of roots in each growth location. The highest growth was found in Samatarring with the average of 36.64 cm/year. The tallest and the highest number of roots were also found in Samatarring with the average height of 43 cm/year and four roots in average with substrates composed of 62.78% sand, 29.89% dust, 7.33% clay, with the average of mud thickness 29.73 cm.

ABSTRACT
Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.), as one of the alternative tree species for pulp and paper industry, may have a problem in the plantation. One of the problem is pest attack that can reduce the quality of stand. The aim of this research was to obtain information on the incidence of pest attacks and the damage level caused by defoliators on A. cadamba Miq.. The study was carried out at three locations, i.e. industrial plantation (HTI) Baserah sector, HTI Pelalawan sector, and smallholder plantation (HR). Five observation plots were established in each site (except for HTI Pelalawan sector with only two plots). Up to 100 trees were observed in each plot.. The results showed that on average the highest level of incidence of pest attacks occurred in HTI Baserah sector with the pests attacked were Arthochista hilaralis, Cosmoleptrus sumatranus, and bagworm (Pychidae). In HTI Pelalawan sector, the pests attacked were A. hilaralis, Coptotermes sp., and bagworm (Psychidae), whereas in HR the pests attacked were A. hilaralis, Cosmoleptrus sumatranus, and Dysdercus cingulatus. The highest level of damage caused by defoliators occurred in the Baserah sector (92.88%) and the lowest level was found in Pelalawan sector (40.5%). In HR the level of damage was 55.67%.

ABSTRACT
This research was conducted in the Capar Protection Forest, Brebes, Central Java in July 2007. The aim of this research was to obtain information on the population status of Dipterocarpaceae species and the diversity of tree species in the study area. Data were collected from sample plots of 100 x 100 m where Dipterocarpaceae species were found (i.e. Mt. Bongkok and Cikadu blocks). The trees (more than 20 cm in diameter) within 10 x 10 m plots were inventoried, while seedlings (less than 20 cm in diameter) were inventoried at 5 x 5 mplots. Number of species and individuals, tree height and height to the first branch, diameter at breast height and crown diameter were recorded. The results showed that two species of Dipterocarpaceae (Dipterocarpus retusus Blume and Vatica javanica sub sp. javanica V.Slooten) were found in the two locations. In Mt.Bongkok 21 species of trees and 24 species of seedlings were recorded. In Cikadu 20 species of trees and 20 species of seedlings were recorded. The dominant tree species found in Mt. Bongkok was Macaranga rhizinoides Muell. Arg. (IVI = 25.46%) and the dominant seedling species was D. retusus Blume (IVI = 24.93%) with the highest diameter distribution was foundat diameter of < 10 cm of the tree stage in Cikadu Macaranga rhizinoides Muell. Arg. (IVI = 39.71%) was the dominant species while the seedling stage was dominated by Pterospermum javanicum Jungh. (IVI = 25.88%). The diameter distribution of D.retusus Blume in Cikadu was between 20 and 40 cm, and V.javanica sub sp.javanica V. Slooten was distributed mostly at the diameter class of 10 - 19.9 cm. The encroachment have caused a disturbance to alteration of micro ecosystem as a consequence of changes in stucture and composition to loss of vegetation such as population of Dipterocarps species. Protection forest area has an important function to protect the population of Dipterocarps species. An effort has been done on the sustainable natural resource management which is regulated in the Regional Regulation (Perda), i.e. smallholder plantation forest development involving local people.

ABSTRACT
Study on the strategy for ecotourism development in proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus Wurmb.) habitat was conducted in Kuala Samboja, East Kalimantan. The objective of this study was to obtain information on the potential objects in prosboscis monkey habitat and its strategy for ecotourism development. SWOT (Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats) analysis was done to arrange the strategies for ecotourism development in this proboscis monkey habitat. The results showed that the SWOT matrix position laid in the conservative position, i.e. W-O (weaknesses-opportunities). Some strategies could be conducted such as building management board, package of integrative tourism, package of scientific adventure, increasing public awareness, and promotions. The ecotourism development is expected to create a good habitat and population of proboscis monkey through rehabilitation activity and to provide additional income for surrounding community.

ABSTRACT
The research was purposed to obtain information about the diversity of species of rattan in the Batu Kapar Protection Forest, North Gorontalo. Observation was done in a natural conservation area at Atinggola District . The rattans which were found in the study area were recorded and identified based on characteristics of leafsheath morphologies. Frequencies of each rattan species was calculated based on population density of each species at three levels of elevations. Rattan was sampled in a line sampling method. A total of 60 plots of 20mx10m were laid on the study area in different elevation.The result showed that 11 species of rattan were found based on local name. Some of them were then identified to their botanical or scientific name. Six species of total rattan speciesfound grew in clumps and five species grew solitary. The most dominant rattan speciesfound in the three level of elevation was Calamus ornatus var. celebicus Beccari (rattan of buku tinggi), with Important Value Index (IVI)of 30.94%, 29.39% and 30.95%, at 600 m above sea level (asl), 700 m asl, and 800 m asl, respectively. Elevation of 700m asl had the highest diversity index value (H’=1.0163) composed by 11 species, while elevation of 800 m asl had the lowest diversity index value (H’=0.9736) composed by 10 species. Composition similarity index value of Jaccard (ISJ) was less than 50%, meaning that overall similarity index value of species was relatively low.

ABSTRACT
Aquilaria spp. are a group of aromatic plants of high commercial value with the products being called gubal gaharu and kamedangan. The high level of exploitation on this species has raised concerns on the population status and its conservation strategic. Cultivation is a mean of strategic step for the sustainable use of any wild harvest. A survey was conducted to evaluate the cultivation of agarwood trees and its condition in Bengkulu Province. A rapid assessment survey technique was conducted in April 2008 by visiting the agarwood (Aquilaria spp.) cultivation areas in Bengkulu. In depth interviews were made with the local farmers who had the agarwood trees cultivation. Diameter at breast height (dbh), height of agarwood trees, water content of freshly cut agarwood tree and agarwood chips formed by artificial inoculation process were measured. The results showed that cultivation of agarwood trees was initiated and coordinated by a local enterprise called CV. 88 since 2003. Until July 2008 the members had reached 29 farmers with total area covering 38 ha. No less than 5,000 agarwood trees were planted, whilst inoculation on natural agarwood trees had reached 53 ha. The perception on the meaning of cultivation was not accordance with the legislation concept; therefore, socialization on the legal concept was needed. The majority species being cultivated and those grow wildly in the plantation areas were Aquilaria microcarpa Baill. and A. malaccensis Lam. The average weight of inoculated agarwood chips was 18.79 grams/piece (Std.= 8.85) with the water contents of 11.2-12.97%, whilst water contents of freshly cut agarwood tree was 46.3%. Single agarwood tree at the height of 35 m and dbh of 118 cm could produce at least 637.65 kg of commercially dry chips (kamedangan).

ABSTRACT
This research is aimed at describing changes on accumulation of carbon biomass from year 2002 to 2005 observed on secondary forest under a closed site (bamboo fence, without local use) and an open site (no fence, with local use), so called baseline scenario. The observation was established in secondary forest in Maribaya. Results from this study indicate that carbon tree biomass increases from 2.87 ton C/ha (year 2002) to 17.28 ton C/ha (year 2005) in a closed site, meanwhile in the open site it increases from 1.81 ton C/ha (year 2002) to 11.96 ton C/ha (year 2005). Undergrowth biomass observed in year 2005 were 2.43 ton C/ha and 2.83 ton C/ha on the closed and open site respectively. Overall difference of accumulated carbon biomass between the two sites was 3.86 ton C/ha, which was considered as a leakage in the carbon project of 4 year old Acacia mangium Willd. plantation. Average accumulation of carbon biomass throughout the two study sites was 17.25 ton C/ha (equivalent to 63.31 ton CO2/ha) and considered as a baseline scenario. In contrast, the average accumulation of carbon biomass conserved from 4 year old A. mangium plantation was 31.41 ton C/ha (equivalent to 115.29 ton CO2/ha). This study shows that carbon gained from mangium plantation as compared to the baseline was 14.16 ton C/ha (equivalent to 51.97 ton CO2/ha). Some important allometric equations describing relationship between growth parameter and biomass in baseline sites were also established.

ABSTRACT
This research was aimed to find out information on the growth and physical quality of Shorea leprosula Miq. seedlings propagated from shoot cutting at three different levels of age. The research was carried out through growth observation and physical quality assessment at 11-, 12-, and 14- month- old after acclimatization (MAA). The observation and assessment were done to ten seedling samples of each age level which were selected through a simple randomized sampling method. The results showed that height of 14 MAA Shorea leprosula Miq. seedlings was significantly different from other age levels (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the physical quality of seedlings was not different between age levels of seedlings. At seedling age of 11 MAA (S1), the seedling was ready for planting with height of 32.6 cm, sturdiness value of 10.79, shoot/root ratio of 2.58, and seedling quality index of 0.28.

ABSTRACT
Development of community forest is one of the efforts to overcome the problems in forestry through community empowerment. The aim of the research was to formulate social planning for community forest development. This research was conducted at the Seri Tanjung Village, District of Muara Enim, and the Tanjung Sirih Village, District of Lahat, South Sumatra Province. Data were collected by using interview method, literature review, and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The result indicated that most respondents had potential attitude and good knowledge in community forest program, however, they still had less experience in cultivating forest tree. The extension program had not influenced their attitude but had influenced their behavior in the interest to cultivate forestry crops. It is suggested more theoretical and technical extension concerning agroforestry based cultivation are given.

ABSTRACT
This study was aimed to observe stand structure and species composition of trees (diameter at breast height of ? 10 cm) as well as saplings in low land disturbed forest of Lepan River Forest Complex, Sei Serdang, Gunung Leuser National Park, North Sumatra. Sampling was done in a one-hectare plot located at the elevation of 237.6 m above sea level. The result of observation recorded 110 species and 34 families with the density of 687 trees/ha and total basal area of 24.52 m2/ha. The dominant families were Euphorbiaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, and Myrtaceae while the dominant species were Macaranga hoseii King ex Hook.f., Shorea sp., and Shorea multiflora (Burk.) Symington. The density of saplings and seedlings were 12,800 trees/ha and 29,700 trees/ha respectively. The total volume of trees with diameter of ? 10 cm was 358.11 m3/ha. Tree species found in all vegetation stages (tree, sapling, and seedling) were Archidendron sp. which was dominant in sapling and seedling stages (Important Value Index (IVI) 37.27% and 35.0% respectively), and Shorea sp. which was dominant in tree stage (IVI 19.88%). The dominant tree species not found in seedling and tree stages included Vatica sp. (IIV 4.19%), Knema curtisii (King) Warb. (IVI 3.56%), and Heritiera sumatrana (IVI 2.01%). The dominant seedling species not found in tree and sapling stages were Xanthophyllum sp. (IVI 2.85%), Rinorea sp. (IVI 2.10%), Horsfieldia sp., and Dysoxylum sp. (IVI 1.76% each).

ABSTRACT
The first effort to conserve bats is to understand food preference factor. The aim of the research was to investigate type of plant species eaten by bats and the bats food preferences, including flower corolla, pollen type and pollen dimension. Method used in this study was identification of pollens eaten by the bats using pollen analysis. The study revealed that based on preferences, corolla factor affected bat species that fed on them. Male of Cynopterus titthaecheilus Temminck and male of Eonycteris spelaea Dobson were attracted to stellatus. Female of C. titthaecheilus was attracted to disk, while male of Cynopterus brachyotis Müller, male of Macroglossus sobrinus K. Andersen, and female of E. spelaea were attracted to papilionaceus, tubulosus, and stellatus. Female of Cynopterus minutus Miller and Cynopterus sphinx Vahl were attracted to campanulatus and inflorescences. Female of C. brachyotis was attracted to inflorescences and urceolatus. Pollen types affected bats species, male of C. titthaecheilus was attracted to suboblate. Male of C. brachyotis, male of M. Sobrinus, and female of E. spelaea were attracted to prolate spheroidal, while female of C. titthaecheilus was attracted to oblate. Male of C. brachyotis was attracted to peroblate and prolate, while male of M. sobrinus and female of C. minutus were attracted to perprolate. Female of C. minutus was attracted to perprolate and suboblate. Size of pollen gigantea and magna affected male of C. brachyotis, C. Titthaecheilus, and M. sobrinus; and female of E. spelaea while permagnae showed weak effect on bats.

ABSTRACT
Wildlife Rescue Center of Cikananga (PPSC), is a non governmental organization (NGO) which has facilitated rescue and rehabilitated wildlife, released wildlife to nature, and educated wildlife conservation programs. The purposes of this study were to obtain information on management and behaviour of eagles at the PPSC. Method was done by tabulation of eagle species from the year of 2005-2008, average activities as motionless, movement and eating behaviour. The number of eagles in the PPSC was 65 individuals which included in 14 species. The total number of eagles released to the nature was 31 individuals until 2005. Observation in cage showed that stasionary activity as a part of motionless behaviour was about 29.4%; this activity was done in a long time but withless frequency. Moreover, the stasionary activity was done when the temperature of environment colder and the birds stayed on the woody stick. The frequent movement behaviours were flying (18.46%), visiting food (13.20%), and walking (10.39%). The eating behaviours were different by eagle species and food kinds. Feeding live prey could raise wildbeast behaviour, shorter time of visiting and eating food. Species and environment sanitation were done by checking of eagle healthy, giving of medicine and cleaning of cage.

ABSTRACT
Merbabu National Park is one of the networking conservation site members in Central Java, which conserves mammals and aves species. This research was aimed at investigating mammal and aves habitats potencies and conservation status of the species. Observation was conducted in some transects, i.e. mountain-tracking trail and some habitat types using purposive random sampling method. The results showed that the park encompasses various habitats of forests: (1): natural forest; (2) plantation foresst of pine, acacia, and puspa; (3) and some blocks of post-fire forest. The diversity of vegetation species in these habitats was low with diversity index (H’) between 0.46-0.59. This condition affected the diversity of mammal and aves species of only 10 species and 45 species, respectively found in the survey areas. . One of the important species recorded, clouded leopard (Panthera pardus melas Linnaeus), was listed as a endangered species according to the Red Data Book of IUCN and Appendix I CITES, is. While the highest biodiversity and equitability of aves were found in natural forest (H’ = 1.3833 and E = 0.4475), some species of insectivore aves were found in high population, such as Zosterops montanus (29 individuals per ha), Collocalia linchii (27 individual per ha), and Collocalia esculenta (22 individual per ha). According to conservation and endemicity status, 60% of the mammals was protected by Govermental Decree No.7/1999 and50% protected by IUCN Red Data Book. Conservation status of bird species showed that only eight species protected by Governmental Decree No. 7/1999, and one species listed in Appendix CITES. Our study suggested many species of mammals and aves living in the park have a high conservation status which further necessitate action to plan zonation of the park as core zone or sanctuary zone.

ABSTRACT
Cemara sumatra (Taxus sumatrana (Miquel) de Laub.) is an important source of taxane, a promising drug for cancer. Unfortunately producing planting stocks of cemara sumatra is problematic due to scarcity of the seeds and the seed is difficult to germinate. Cutting is potential alternative way to produce cemara sumatra planting stocks. The objective of this research was to study the effect of cutting media on root formation of cemara sumatra. Cutting materials were collected from natural mature cemara sumatra trees growing in Mt. Kerinci-Jambi. Media used were combination of cocodust : ricehusk (1:1 v/v), cocodust : ricehusk : soil (1:1:1 v/v), and cocodust : ricehusk (2:1 v/v). Root development was observed by microtechnique proccedure. Result showed that planting media gave significant effect on rooting ability. Among the three media, combination of cocodust and rice husk at the ratio 2:1 gave the best result in rooting ability (66.7%). From the microtechnique result, it showed that roots were first developed from the mesristematic cambium cells.

ABSTRACT
The distribution of nutrients, water and light is influenced mainly by the characteristics of the tree species as components in an agroforestry system, particularly crown shape and root distribution. This study aimed to describe tree architecture and roots distribution as well as to estimate biomass of four tree species (mahogany/Swietenia macrophylla King, sungkai/Peronema canescens Jack, candle nut/Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd., and bread fruit/Artocarpus altilis Fosberg) as components in an agroforestry system established on alang-alang grassland. The architectural characteristics and dynamics of such four tree species were described to determine architectural model of the tree. Tree roots were exposed, observed, and measured to identify their distribution. Branches characteristics and other data were used as input data of the Functional Branching Analysis (FBA) software to estimate the tree biomass. Mahogany and sungkai had crowns architecture and roots distribution apt to support the establishment of an agroforestry system, because they allowed to distribute resources among trees and crops in more balance. Candle nut, however, was more appropriate to reduce alang-alang grass by shading with its wide and dense hemispherical crown. This tree species dominates the root zone by forming many and big lateral and superficial roots which will cause unbalanced resources distribution. Timber and multipurpose tree species had different growth rates and growth rhythms of their above-ground parts. During early establishment, timber tree species had a lower above-ground biomass than multipurpose tree species. Functional Branching Analysis (FBA) software was able to estimate above ground biomass of mahogany and sungkai with an average standard deviation of 1 ± 0.34. This software should be improved in order to accommodate biomass more precisely in the case of trees with different temperaments and particularly, with early and profuse reiteration.

ABSTRACT
One of the important soil characteristics is soil infiltration capacity. Soil infiltration is the maximum velocity of water entering soil profile. Soil infiltration data can be used to estimate the run off in irrigated water management and in soil and water conservation management planning. Soil infiltration capacity in a forest land is influenced by the age of plant that develop different composition of forest land communities. The study aimed to observe soil infiltration capacity at various age classes of teak (Tectona grandis L.) stands. The infiltration rate in each location was measured by a double ring infiltrometer. The results showed that the infiltration capacity rate increased as the teak plant age increased. The older the teak plant age the higher the organic matter content and soil porosity. This has good influences in improving soil structure and texture as well as improving soil macro fauna activities in soil surface; accordingly soil capacity rate will increase. Thinning in the fifth age class and girdling in the eight age class caused forest vegetation more open. This will increase soil compaction and will decrease soil infiltration capacity.

ABSTRACT
Research acquiring information concerning the utilization of medicinal trees was carried out in two nature reserves areas located in the District of Ponorogo, East Java Province. Data collection was conducted through direct observation in the field, interview with local people, and literature study. Based on literature study, there were 12 species of medicinal trees recorded in Mount Picis and Mount Sigogor nature reserves: suren (Toona sinensis M. Roem.), puspa (Schima wallichii Korth.), morosowo (Engelhardtia spicata Bl.), talesan (Persea odoratissima Kosterm.), gitri (Elaeocarpus sphaericus K. Schum.), mangir (Ganophyllum falcatum Bl.), cempaka (Turpinia sphaerocarpa Hassk.), trawas (Litsea odorifera T. et B.), nyampuh (Pygeum parviflorum T. et B.), kayu abang (Payena lerii Kurz.) pasang (Castanopsis acuminatissima A. DC), and pasang biasa (Lithocarpus elegans (Bl) Hatus). Five out of these 12 species are utilized by local people for medicine, they are: puspa, morosowo, talesan, mangir, and kayu abang. The potency of medicinal trees recorded in the research sites are relatively high. Unfortunately, only few has been recognized and utilized by local people for traditional healing. For local people, modern medicine currently available in traditional market is more attractive than the traditional medicine due to easy access and cheap price.

ABSTRACT
One of watershed health indicators is peak flow. High peak flow reflects watershed degradation. Some watersheds do not have hydrologic station; therefore, the peak discharge data are not available. Appropriate model for estimating peak run-off should be tried in some watersheds with different area. The aim of the research is to determine the most suitable area for applying peak run-off estimation. Rational method is applied for estimating peak run-off. The method is chosen due to simplicity and the most popular method in peak run-off estimation. However, the method required some condition, if the requirements do not match; the result will be less accurate. The method assumes that a rainfall of uniform intensity covers the whole watershed and time to peak is same as time of concentration. The method was applied in Tapan, Ngunut I, and Wuryantoro sub watersheds with area of 145 ha, 596 ha, and 1.792 ha, respectively. The results show that deviation with direct measurement was 185%, -4%, and 615% for Tapan, Ngunut I, and Wuryantoro sub watersheds, respectively. The high deviation due to rainfall intensity is not uniform cover the whole watershed. Although Ngunut I sub watershed has an area of 596 ha, the rainfall intensity was even due to flatter area than Tapan and Wuryantoro sub watersheds. Therefore, The most suitable area for estimating the peak discharge is Ngunut I sub watershed.

ABSTRACT
Deforestation will cause bird species be endangered. The purpose of this research is to find the information of the effect of plant composition on bird species population and diversity which can be used for developing bird conservation program in Batang Gadis National Park (BGNP). This research was conducted in the year of 2006-2007 in the zones planned for the BGNP. Data were collected with the strip transect method for vegetation and the variable circular-plot method for bird. The number of plant species identified on 2.8 ha of research areas were 158 species. The highest plant composition consisting of total density, total frequency, and total dominancy components was found in sub-montana primary forest. The bird species diversity indices and the abundance indices ranged from 2.9 to 3.9 and from 27.2 to 69.1 respectiely. Bird population density was 1.06 individual/ha. The plant composition influenced 90.4% of diversity, 94.3% of abundance indices, and 67.3% of density value of bird species.

ABSTRACT
The idea of Central Java governor to establish a botanical garden in Baturaden was approved by Megawati Soekarnoputri as a vice president of the Republic of Indonesia. For this purpose, the Ministry of Forestry provided a 150 ha of production forest land in the southern part of Mount Slamet, through the Ministerial Decree No. 117/Menhut-II/2004 dated April 19, 2004. This area was decided as a special purpose forest (KHDTK) for research, development, and environmental education. The Baturaden Botanical Garden is located in Banyumas District, Central Java Province. The existence of forest as a land use type and land surface cover on mountain slope and watershed area has an important role in hydrological characteristics of such a watershed. The existence of a forest on upper watershed which is generally mountaneous, functions as a recharge area or a head water catchment area. A research on the effect of forest land use change on water yield was conducted on the area of Baturaden Botanical Garden. The aim of this research was to provide the information of water yield as a result of forest land use change in relation to the establishment of Baturaden Botanical Garden. These could be used as a basic consideration for decision maker to value forest services in ecological aspect e.g. water yield. The results showed that the height range of water in the pool was 0-10 cm in August and September, while in other months it was 19-268 cm. Rainfall ranges in August-September and other months were 40-111 mm and 149-832 mm respectively. The soil permeability ranged from medium to very fast (4.46-54.54 cm/hour).

ABSTRACT
Water quality and quantity are important factors for water resources evaluation. Water quality and quantity should be measured directly. Unfortunately, some watersheds do not have hydrologic stations. Water quantity can be estimated through modeling. One of the simple models for monthly water potential estimation is Thronthwaite-Mather method. The method is based on water balance in which rainfall as an input, and evapotranspiration and run-off as outputs. Physical soil properties and land cover characteristics especially rootzone are as processors. The aim of this research was to compare between estimation and direct measurement of monthly water potential. The result showed that monthly run-off prediction has high correlation with direct measurement (R2= 0.77-0.91). In order to get an appropriate result, the method should reconsider about water surplus assumption. The assumption of 50% water surplus for next month will not be suitable for all watersheds. Some watersheds may assume more than 50% water surplus and some other watersheds may assume less than 50%, depending on watershed characteristics, especially on geological formation. In order to get a more accurate result, the direct measurement of run-off should be rechecked.

ABSTRACT
Study on stand structure and species composition was carried out in lowland forest of the KHDTK Carita, Banten in August 2007. Three plots of 5m x 40m each were set up in primary forest (PF), disturbed primary forest (DPF), and old secondary forest (OSF). The results showed that 95 tree species of 43 families were found in PF, 116 tree species of 61 families found in DPF, and 66 tree species of 44 families found in OSF. The dominant species with a complete regeneration in every stratum were found in PF, i.e. Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth. with an IVI of 10.03% for tree, Dysoxylum densiflorum (Blume) Miq. with an IVI of 35.00% and of 37.27%, for saplings and seedlings, respectively. The dominant species at the DPF were Castanopsis acuminatissima (Blume) A. DC. with an IVI of 19.88% for tree, followed by Vitex pinnata L. with an IVI of 20.46% for saplings, and Glochidion rubrum Blume with an IVI of 13.10% for seedlings. The dominant species at OSF were Vernonia arborea Buch.-Ham. with an IVI of 5.10% for tree, followed by Lithocarpus elegans (Blume) Hatus ex Soepadmo with an IVI of 20.46% for saplings, and Archidendron jiringa (Jack) Nielsen. with an IVI of 13.10% for seedlings.

ABSTRACT
Dryland natural forest in Central Java Province is decreasing and being fragmented at an alarming rate. This, consequently will impact on the survival of biodiversity that inhabit inside the dryland natural forest. This research was aimed to study the process and rate of fragmentation of dryland natural forest in Central Java Province and to evaluate the possible consequencies on wildlife. The result showed that in 16-year period (1990-2006) Central Java Province has lost 446,561.09 ha (88%) of its dryland natural forest. The remaining forests are commonly scattered in the top of mountains that are difficult to be accessed by human activities. From 1990 to 2000 the fragmentation caused the increase of total edge from 42.43 km to 133.88 km. During the period of 2000-2006, as the forest patches disappeared due to the attrition process, the total edge decreased to 8.75 km. During 1990-2000 the edge density of dryland natural forest increased from 151,061.8 m2 to 473,200.6 m2 . The edge density decreased during the period of 2000-2006 down to 31,076.6 m2 due to the process of attrition. Fragmentation of dryland natural forest in Central Java Province is mainly caused by conversion for agriculture, plantation forest, crop estate, settlement, and infrastructure development such as artery roads, highway, and ultra high voltage network. The forest fragmentation in Central Java Province must be stopped. Spatial planning should not only consider the extent of the forest but also take into account the compactnes and connectivity among the forest patches. To avoid the extinction and to increase the survival of wildlife inhabiting the forest patches, corridors and buffer zones must be developed to extend the existing habitat. State forest areas that have been deforested must be reforested. Production forests must be functioned as habitat extention and corridors among the fragmented wildlife habitat.

ABSTRACT
An effort to overcome and avoid the extinction threat of a high value tree species palahlar (Dipterocarpus spp.) in West Java is by planting these species. To support the success of planting, an important maintenance needed is a fertilizer application. The objectives of this study was to determine the effect of M-dext organic fertilizer application on the growth of palahlar (Dipterocarpus retusus Bl. and D. hasseltii Bl.). This research was conducted in a planting block of palahlar located in BKPH (Forest Sub-District) Jasinga, KPH (Forest District) Bogor, with the area of 3.5 ha. A completely randomized design with two factorials was used. The first was spacing (5 m x 5 m and 3 m x 3 m) and the second one was M-Dext organic fertilizer application (0.0, 1.0, and 2.5 ml/plant). The plant growth respond was measured six months after fertilizer application. Research results showed that treatment combination of spacing and M-Dext application gave highly significant effect on the height and diameter growths of and the height growth only of D. hasseltii. Combination of 3 m x 3 m spacing and M-Dext of 1.0 ml/plant gave the best results on the height and diameter growths i.e. 2.33 cm/month and 0.03 cm/month respectively for D. retusus, and 2.31 cm/month and 0.06 cm/month respectively for D. hasseltii.

ABSTRACT
Land rehabilitation of mangrove has been done in many places in Indonesia, but the successful rate is only 24.3%. This failure is mainly caused by wave disturbing newly planted mangrove seedlings, inappropriate substratum and height of tidal inundation. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of inundation height and plant spacing on the growth of Rhizophora mucronata Lam. seedlings. A randomized complete block design was used with the treatments of inundation height (0-30 cm, 30-60 cm, and 60-90 cm) and spacing (0.5 x 0.5 m2, 1.0 x 1.0 m2, 1.0 x 2.0 m2, and (1.5 x 2.0 m2. Plants were measured at the age of six months. The result showed that inundation height significantly affected survival percentage, but it did not affect height growth and number of leaves. The 0-30 cm inundation resulted the highest survival percentage (45.00%), while 30-60 cm inundation and 60-90 cm inundation resulted 32.26% and 16.59% respectively. The spacing of 2.0 x 1.5 m2 significantly affected survival rate and highly significantly affected height growth, but it did not significantly affected number of leaves. The spacing of 2.0 x 1.5 m2 resulting survival rate of 98.88% was significantly different from the spacing of 0.5 x 0.5) m2resulting 70.22%, 1.0 x 1.0 m2 resulting 78.88%, and (1.0 x 2.0 m2 resulting 75.55%. In terms of height growth, the spacing of 2.0 x 1.5 m2 resulting 5.4 cm was highly significantly different from the spacing of 0.5 x 0.5 m2 resulting 1.56 cm, 1.0 x 1.0 m2 resulting 2.22 cm, and 1.0 x 2.0 m2 resulting 1.77 cm.

ABSTRACT
Batang Gadis National Park area has been habitat wild animal species, including terrestrial mammals. The objective of this study was to find for many information on diversity species, densities, distribution patters, status and management strategies of population terrestrial big mammals. Mammal observation was done by using strip transect method on research plot of about 35 ha. The research found that there were 19 species of mammals with highest diversity indices (1.96) on sub montana primer forest of sanctuary zone. The highest density species was 0.74 individual/ha which was wild boar/Sus scrofa Linnaeus, sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae Pocock) was found to be critically endangered species (0.06 individual/ha). Generally, horizontal distribution patters was random. Fifteen species of the mammals are protected by Indonesian government law, ten species have been listed in CITES Appendices and ten species listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. Strategies of terrestrial mammal protection can be developed including population size regulations, habitat conservation as home range area, preservation of ecosystem types diversity, and minimization of threat activities and communities interaction into national park area.

ABSTRACT
Species existence in a site depends strongly on food availability and proper habitat condition. For birds, land cover condition, food stock and human interference become factors affecting species distribution and population size. This research was conducted to obtain information on the distribution and population size of parrots (Psittacidae) at some habitats in Papua. The observations on species, population and habitat conditions of Psittacidae used a line transect method, which were placed on some forest areas in Teluk Cenderawasih National Park and Numfor Island. The results showed that 8 species of Psittacidae were found in mix-forest at Aisandami, 7 species at Werabur, and 5 species at Saribi, Numfor. Cacatua galeritta and Micropsitta geelvinkiana were dominant species and distributed broadly on Aisandami. Lorius lorry became dominant and evenly distributed on Werabur. Eos cyagenia and Eclectus roratus were dominant and distributed on Saribi. The habitat types were various, from mix-forest, sago forest, farms, primary forest, shifted forest and coastal forest. Human activities around the habitats could affect on birds distribution and population.

ABSTRACT
Duabanga (Duabanga moluccana Bl.) is one of the exellent commodities for Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB). Wood product of this species for construction, building material, and furniture. The species has developed for people forest in Lombok Island. However, the quantitative information about its stand growth is lack. The research was aimed at obtaining the information of stand growth as well as growth and yield models of sustainable stand management. The research was conducted at the Rarung Research Forest which is located in the Rinjani Forest Group, Central Lombok District. Observation was done every year from 2003 to 2006 on permanent measurement plots of 70 m x 70 m in the 1996 duabanga stand and on circle plots of 625 m2 in the 1997 stand. The result indicated that the values of Mean Annual Increment (MAI) of diameter, height, and volume for the ten years old 1996 stand were 3.29 cm year-1, 1.97 m year-1, and 25.02 m3ha-1year-1 respectively. For the nine years old 1997 stand, the value of MAI of diameter, height, and volume were 3.77 cm year-1, 2.16 m year-1, and 34.41 m3ha-1year-1 respectively. The estimation model of stand diameter (D) and height (H) based on stand age (X) can be formulated as follows: 1) In the 1996 stand, D (cm) = 1.6622X1.3075 and H (m) = 1.3159 X1.1913, 2) In the 1997 stand, D (cm) = 5.6751 X 0.8150 and H (m) = 2.1623 X 1.0102, and 3) In the 1996 and 1997 stand, D (cm) = 7.2015 X 0.6627 dan H (m) = 2.6550 X 0.8834.

ABSTRACT
Trials on growth of three seedling quality classes of red meranti species were conducted in three forest concession areas in Kalimantan, i.e. PT Sari Bumi Kusuma, PT IKANI, and PT Erna Djuliawati. The purpose of this research was to find information on survival rate and growth of red meranti seedlings after one year planted in the field under the silin program. Treatment consisted of three species and three seedlings quality classes. Factorial randomized complete block design with four replications was used for this study. Each treatment consisting of 100 plants were planted with 20 m x 2.5 m spacing. The total number of plants observed were 3,600 plants in PT SBK and 2,400 plants in PT IKANI and PT Erna Djuliawati respectively. The results show that species and seedling quality, interaction between species and seedling quality and block did not significantly affect the survival rate in both concession areas (PT SBK and PT IKANI). However, in these concession areas both species and seedling quality gave significant difference on height and diameter growth. The height and diameter growth of S. leprosula were higher than other species. The values were as much as 146.6 cm and 1.6 cm respectively in PT SBK and as much as 87.5 cm and 1.6 cm respectively in PT IKANI. The height and diameter growth of seedling quality one was higher than other seedling quality classes as much as 142.6 cm and 1.6 cm respectively in PT SBK, as much as 86.5 cm and 0.8 cm respectively in PT IKANI and as much as 164.2 cm and 1.6 cm respectively in PT Erna Djuliawati. Therefore Shorea leprosula from wilding with seedling quality class one was recommended for planting under the silin program (Selective Cutting and Intensive Planting System).

ABSTRACT
The research was conducted on Punti Kayu Recreation Park in Palembang, South Sumatera. The aim of these study were to: (1) Identify the visitor characteristics of Punti Kayu Recreation Park; (2) Identify factors influencing the demand of recreation; (3) Estimate of the demand equation of recreation benefit of Punti Kayu Recreation Park; (4) Value the economic of Recreation Park. The result revealed that visitor characteristics including old age, gender, incomes, occupation, cost during activity of recreation, motivation, and the vehicle type used were highly varied. The data were analyzed using multiple regression model. The factors influencing the visit to Punti Kayu Recreation Park were traveling expense, number of people per district, and number of working hour per day. The demand equation models based on traveling cost method was Y = - 4.018 + 0.0002428 X1 with r2= 0.767; Y: recreation demand, X: traveling cost. The economics valuation of Punti Kayu Recreation Park was obtained from the averages of williningness to pay, sacrificed value, and consumer surplus of each 1,000 people which were Rp 365,932.215; Rp 165,485.997; and Rp 200,446.218 respectively.

ABSTRACT
The majority of local communities living around the Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park depend on the natural resources to fulfill their daily needs. Unwise exploitation of the natural resources can lead to a serious degradation of the resources, particularly at the area of the national park which is close to the community settlement. If these conditions keep continuing, they will cause the large damage of the area and the resources. The purpose of this research is to obtain information on the biodiversity condition, particularly flora and fauna at the national park which has an interaction with the villages. A combination of line transect and quadrat sampled plot method was used to observe the vegetation. Survey of mammals and reptiles use the transect method and the IPA method for birds. Results of this research show the low value of diversity index of vegetation, no species of mammals and reptiles and only species of birds which have association with an open area can be found. This condition indicates a high pressure of the natural resource from local community and biodiversity degradation of the Rawa Aopa National Park, particularly at the k area close to the community settlements.

ABSTRACT
Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas Cuvier 1809) is a keystone species of forest ecosystem in Java Island that being threatened by habitat fragmentation. In Central Java, 83.84% of the forest area is production forest that is managed by Perum Perhutani and devided into 20 forest management units (KPH). Consequently, the survival of javan leopard depends on the sustainability of production forests. However, since the monetary crisis, the production forests in Central Java have been deforested and fragmented leading to the extinction of javan leopard. KPH Kendal is one of the distribution areas of leopard’s populations in teak plantation forests in Central Java. This research was aimed to study the characteristics of leopard’s habitat in the fragmented plantation forest landscape. The result showed that there ara three populations of javan leopard in KPH Kendal that have been fragmented due to the development of roads, settlement and agriculture. The fragmentation of forests is indicated by the increase of the Number of Patch (NumP), the decrease of class area (CA), the increase of Total Edge (TE), the decrease of Core Area Index (CAI), and the increase of Mean Shape Index (MSI). The forest fragmentation in KPH Kendal is mainly caused by forest occupation for agriculture, conversion for settlements, road network, ultra high voltage electricity network, and clear cutting system. This fragmentation resulted in isolation of population, habitat degradation and habitat loss that individually or jointly threat the survival of javan leopard. The leopards chose certain habitat features for their daily activities such as hiding, protecting young, hunting, resting and marking territory places. There are 18 species of mammals that are potential for javan leopard’s preys in KPH Kendal. However, the leopards in KPH Kendal prefer to barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak zimmermann, 1780), long tail macaque (Macaca fascicularis Raffles, 1821), leaf monkey (Trachipitecus auratus Geoffroy, 1812), wildboar (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758), and feral dog (Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758) for their diet.

ABSTRACT
Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell can perform symbiosis with two kinds of mycorrhizas, i.e. arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and ectomycorrhizal fungi (EF). This plant has already been planted by some industrial forest plantations in marginal lands in Sumatra and Kalimantan Island for pulp and paper. In such situation, AMF and EF may play a significant role in improving seedling growth in nursery and further assist plants to grow well in harsh condition. The aim of this research is to know the effect of AMF and EF inoculation to 3-monthold seedling of E. pellita. This research was conducted in the nursery with three inoculation treatments: noninoculated control, single inoculation of Glomus sp., and double inoculation of Glomus sp. and Pisolithus arrhizus. The result showed that single inoculation could increase height, diameter, dry weight, and N and P nutrient uptake by 13%, 13%, 40%, 32%, and 82%, respectively, compared to non-inoculated control seedlings. Double inoculation of Glomus sp. and P. arrhizus could increase significantly much higher growth than that of single-inoculated seedlings as measured in height, diameter, dry weight growth, N and P nutrient uptake by 41%, 41%, 80%, 64%, and 155%, respectively, compared to non-inoculated control seedlings. The results further suggested that double inoculation of AMF and EMF gave better seedling growth.

ABSTRACT
This research was conducted to study the tree growth and species matching in purpose of enrichment of degraded land of orangutan (Pongo abelii Lesson) habitat in Dolok Sibual-buali nature reserve buffer zone, South Tapanuli. The growth parameters e.g. height growth, health, and survival rates were observed on some plots that consist of 0.4 ha area, ten plots sizing 20 m x 20 m each. The plots are divided into two types, five plots for every consisted of plantation model treatment (alley and random). Research results showed that on alley plantation the highest growth was found in Cryptocarya nitens (Blume) Koord.&Val., it was 0.88cm/month and Shorea leprosula Miq wast 0.93 cm/month on random treatment. The highest growth with the land use treatment was C. nitens which was 1.2 cm/month that planted on shrubs and cultivation lands; and Durio zibethinus Murr was 0.93 cm/month on secondary forest. The highest survival rates on alley plantation was D. zibethinus (96%), and on the random one was Litsea odorifera Valeton (84%). Health percentage averages on alley and random plantation was 65% and 64.9% respectively. The t-student test obtained on plantation models were not significantly (based on health and survival rates). The tree species suitable for habitat enrichment can be summarized as follows: S. leprosula and L. odorifera on the private forest that functioned as green belt, combination of timber and multipurpose tree species (MPTs) on empty land or shrubs that meant as interaction area, and D. zibethinus, Artocarpus integra Merr, and C. nitens on the cultivation area.

ABSTRACT
Koompassia excelsa (Becc.) Taub. is one of the nurse tree species that produces forest honey. This research was aimed at giving information on producing Koompassia excelsa (Becc.) Taub. seedlings through KOFFCO vegetative propagation system. The research was conducted at the green house of Balai Besar Penelitian Dipterokarpa in Samarinda. A completely randomized design with 2 x 3 factorial and 3 replications were used in this study. Each replication consisted of 30 cuttings. The first factor, i.e. cutting material, consisted of 2 levels: S0: shoot cutting and S1: stem cutting. The second factor, i.e. root-stimulating agent, consisted of 3 levels: P0: without root-stimulating agent(control), P1: smearing Rootone-F rootstimulating agent, and P2: soaking at the atonic root-stimulating agent for 1 hour with a liquid concentration of 100 ml/1liter water. The results showed that the average percentage of cuttings-grownseedlings was 82.4% from rooted cuttings, as a whole. Stem and shoot cuttings produced 76% and 88.67% of seedlings, respectively. Based on statistical analyses both treatments were highly significantly different. However, the applications of smearing Rootone-F root-stimulating agent, soaking the stem part that will grow at the atonic liquid with 100 mml/ liter water concentration for 1 hour and control were not significantly different, with the percentage of cuttings-grown-seedlings were 80%, 84%, and 83%,respectively.

ABSTRACT
Jatropha curcas L. is perennial crop producing biofuel with oil content 40-60%. This plant has a big potency to be developed in order to facing the rare of fuel recently in Indonesia. The aim of this research is to know the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation with Glomus sp1. and Glomus sp2. to the growth of three-month-old J. curcas seedlings in nursery. The experimental design was Completely Randomize Design with three treatments i.e. control, Glomus sp1. and Glomus sp2. Result showed that inoculation with Glomus sp1. and Glomus sp2. to the growth of J. curcas seedlings could improved the height, dry weight, and diameter of three-month-old seedlings by 19%, 27%; 31%, 18%; 153%, 173%, respectively, compared to control. Mycorrhizal depency of J. curcas seedlings to Glomus sp1. and Glomus sp2. was 60% and 63%.

ABSTRACT
Rehabilitation of critical lands through revegetation on savanna area in Sumba Island, East Nusa Tenggara Province, is mainly facing obstacle due to low growth of the vegetation. This is because the savannah has marginal soils which are characterized by low fertility, thin solum (of both E. camaldulensis and S. oleosa. Application of cowdung compost of 1.75 kg/tree is the best in increasing the height growth, diameter growth, and survival rate of E. camaldulensis plantations for about 31%, 30%, and 42%, respectively. For S. oleosa, application of cowdung compost fertilizer of 1.65 kg/tree is the best in increasing the height growth, diameter growth, and survival rate of the plantations for about 35%, 22%, and 38%, respectively.

ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to find out germination quality in relation to time seed falling sequences (the first study) and delay of seed germination (the second one). The seeds derived from mother trees in Sempaja Arboretum, while germination study was conducted at the nursery of the Dipterocarps Research Center of Samarinda. The completely randomized design with factorial 2 x 7 was used for the first study. The first factor was germination medium consisting of sand without endomycorrhiza (E0) and sand with endomycorrhiza (E1). The second factor was time interval of seed collection consisting of P1 (seeds collected on the 3rd day of seed fall period), P2 (the 5thday), P3 (the 7thday), P4 (those on 10thday), P5 (the 13rd day), P6 (the 17thday, and P7 (the 24thday). The completely randomized design was used for the second study. The treatments were PW0 (direct seed germination), PW1 (10 day-delay seed germination, PW2 (12 day-delay), and PW3 (17 day-delay). The results of the study showed that the average germination of Aquilaria microcarpa Baill was 74.76%. Germination of seeds in E0 was 75.55%, while that in E1 was 73.79%, but the difference was not statistically significant. The P treatments were highly significantly different, however, the following test (LSD) indicated that the treatments of P6 (60.55%), P7 (64.44%), P5 (70.00%), and P1 (71.11%) were not significantly different. These treatments resulted bad germination quality which was less than the average of overall germination i.e. 74.76%. Good germination quality values were more than 74.76% which were from the treatments of P4 (79.45%), P2 (87.78%), and P3 (90.00%). Result of seed germination delay showed that PW0 (88.89%) was highly significantly different compared to PW1 (31.11%), PW2 (25.56%), and PW3 (15.56%), while PW1, PW2, and PW3 were not significantly different.

ABSTRACT
Mating system of bakau bandul (Rhizophora mucronata Lamk.) was studied from progenies of selected mother trees of several natural populations in Sumatra and Java, i.e. North Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, Muara Angke, and Ujung Kulon, using isozymes. Isozyme analysis was performed using six enzyme systems, i.e. AAT, ADH, EST, IDH, MDH, and PER. The result showed that bakau bandul has mix mating systems, with predominantly selfing due to lower outcrossing rates (6-32%). Mother trees from relatively better forest condition (North Sumatra, Jambi, and Ujung Kulon) have higher outcrossing rate (32%, 17%, and 19%) compare to mother tress at degraded forests (Riau and Muara Angke) at 13% and 6%, respectively. Polen ovule ratios vary among loci and alleles, but showed relatively balance formation of male and female gametes. Although predominatly selfing bakau bandul does not have preferential mating (F = -0,197), because of random association of alleles from ovule and pollen from various trees. Wind and insects seemed to play important role on random mating among trees.

ABSTRACT
After more than 30 years of logging activities in Indonesia, yet relatively few studies are available on tree species composition in permanent sample plots (PSP), especially in Kalimantan. The objective of this study was to identify the dynamic of tree species diversity in logged forests compared with unlogged primary forest. Data were collected from 16, one-ha PSP’s consisted of 4 plots, each of 5, 10, and 30 years old logged forests and 4 plots of unlogged forests as control plots. This study found 914 tree species, consisted of 223 genera and 65 families. The most dominant species from all plots were species of Dipterocarpaceae. Results from statistical analysis showed that logging had no significant impact on diversity of tree species, except for Dipterocarps species on LOA-5 and 10. Shannon-Wiener diversity index and equitability index also showed no significant impact on the decline of forest trees diversity, except on LOA-10 that had the lowest tree diversity compared with other treatments. There is no any different in term of the richness of plant genetic resources between LOA-30 and unlogged forest, however, to protect the existing plant genetic resources, it is suggested not to continue the second period of cutting.

ABSTRACT
Study on the butterflies diversity was conducted in Selabintana Resort, Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park. This study was aimed to obtain information on the diversity of butterflies in Selabintana Resort as one of the indicators for ecological change and to improve the management of Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park in utilizing its nature resource, particularly for research activities. The result showed that the diversity of butterflies was high enough with the total of 17 butterfly species of 6 families found from the area. The dominant family was Nymphalidae which were mostly found in the buffer area.

ABSTRACT
A taper model was developed for african-mahogany (Khaya anthoteca C.D.C) grown in Pasirhantap Experimental Forest in Sukabumi, West Java. The taper model can be used to estimate stem volume to any height by integrating the taper equation from the ground to that height. Data from 58 sample trees aged 35-60 years with the range of diameter of between 20 and 90 cm and the range of clearbole height of between 10 and 30 m were used for model development. Eight taper equations were evaluated, six of these equations were taken from the available literature, and the others were developed in the present study. Five performance indicator statistics (i.e. MRES, AMRES, RMSE, MEFadj, and AIC) were used for comparing the models in their ability to estimate tree diameter. Testing by means of independent data indicated that the new model developed in this study, i.e. dobh = 1,0236 + 0,8124 Dbh + 0,4960 Hcb – 1,4134 h + 0,0096 h2 was found to be better than the other models in term of prediction accuracy (sum of ranks was the least, i.e. 6). This model could be recommended for the estimation of diameter at a specific height of African mahogany stems in the area of study. Integration of this equation resulted in the volume equation: which could be used to estimate both merchantable volume and total volume of the species.

ABSTRACT
Permanent Sample Plot (PSP) is a useful tool to collect and monitor stand growth and yield data. This study was aimed to determine the optimum size of PSP, i.e. the smallest size of PSP which could represent the variability of stand parameters, for teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f) plantation forest. The 110-year old of teak stands were used as material for this study. The main consideration was that the appropriate size of PSP for old stands must be able to cover the variability of young stand structure, but not in reverse. For this purpose, stand data were collected from three sample plots of 120 m x 120 m each in size. The plots were established in Kendal Forest District, Perum Perhutani Unit I Central Java. The results showed that the optimum size of PSP for monitoring the dynamic of the number of trees periodically was 90 m x 90 m. The center part of the PSP, sized 60 m x 60 m, was optimal for monitoring the growths of diameter and stand height. These results could be implemented for each age class of teak plantation forests.

ABSTRACT
Natural forest has many ecological functions which plays a vital role in preserving the ecosystem balance. One of them is to stabilize the climatic condition. This is linked with the forest capability to absorb carbondioxide in the photosynthesis process. The more carbondioxide absorbed and stored in the form of biomass carbon, the more it reduces greenhouse gas effect in the atmosphere. This paper discusses the carbon biomass potency of old growth forest and thirty year-old logged over forest in the Malinau Research Forest, located in East Kalimantan. Twenty centimeters depth of soil sampling was collected from five points representing each study site. Above ground biomass estimation was done by establishing four 1-ha plots for both forest sites. Within the 1-ha plot, 25 subplots with the size of 20 m x 20 m were also established. Trees with dbh ≥ 10 cm were recorded in terms of diameter and height. Tree biomass was estimated by employing Brown and Chave allometric equation. The study results showed that the soil carbon of 20 cm depth at old growth forest and the thirty year logged over forest were 37.86 tonC/ha and 30.58 tonC/ha, respectively. Further, the above ground carbon biomass of the old growth forest and the thirty year logged over forest were 264.70 tonC/ha and 249.10 tonC/ha, respectively. In conclusion, accumulation of carbondioxide in the old growth forest and the thirty year logged over forest for the past 30 years were 970.57 tonCO2/ha and 913.37 tonCO2/ha, respectively. It is of interest to note that the potency of natural forest in Malinau Research Forest in absorbing carbon is very high when it is managed sustainably. Tthe above ground biomass difference between the old growth forest and the 30 year logged over forest was only slightly.

ABSTRACT
Aquilaria malaccensis LAMK is one of the most important tree species which can produce agarwood or gaharu as non timber forest product in East Kalimantan. Agarwood has a high economical value. The objective of this research is was to get information on potency, distribution, and diameter increment of the trees. Such information provides an important input for genetic conservation purpose as well as for silviculture development. This research was conducted at Silviculture Technique for Regeneration of Logged Over Area in East Kalimantan (STREK) plots at Labanan natural production forest with a total area of 48 ha. The areas were divided into12 plots, where each plot has a size of 4 ha or 200 m x 200 m. The result showed that the total trees on each plot was between 1 to 5 trees, which meant that only 1 tree could be found in every two ha. The maximum diameter of the tree was 44.7 cm while the minimum diameter was above 10.0 cm. The average of diameter increment was 0.40 cm (± 0.402 cm) per year. Meanwhile, the maximum growth was 0.64 cm per year for diameter class >40 cm.

ABSTRACT
Sungai Wain Protection Forest in Balikpapan, East Kalimantan is the only forest area which still has a good condition of primary forest. Several forestry research activities had been conducted in this area, nevertheless much more reseraches and studies are still needed to support conservation and management practice in order to improve the forest environment and community livelihood. The aim of the present research was to investigate the ecological condition of forest, especially forest structure and species composition, and their diversity. Data were collected from nine research sample plots, each of 200 m x 20 m with a total of 3.6 ha. All trees of ≥ 10 cm in diameter (dbh) were recorded, meassured and identified. The results showed that the forest condition of Sungai Wain Protection Forest was characterized by the density of 532.50 trees/ha and basal area of 20.57 m²/ha, 385 trees species which belong to 143 genera and 49 families were recorded within the research sample plot areas. Based on number of species of each family, Euphorbiaceae was the most common family in the area, which consisted of 47 species. While, based on the importance value index of each species, it was recognized that Shorea laevis Ridl. was the most dominant species, followed by Madhuca kingiana (Brace) H.J. Lam, Gironniera nervosa Planch.,and Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binnend. The diversity of vegetation was mainly indicated by the differences of species association of each plot and the similarity index values for the species composition between the forest stand, which was low, varied from 14.6% to 33.1%.

ABSTRACT
Toxicity test and phytochemical screening for orangutan food extracts were done on some species including Dacryodes rugosa (Blume) H.J. Lam., Durio acutifolius (Mast.) Kosterm., Madhuca sericea H.J. Lam., Triomma malaccensis Hook. F., Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. f.) Merrill, and Scaphium macropodum (Miquel) Beumee ex Heyne. The toxicity test was done by employing the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. Samples of leaves of orangutan foods taken from the Gunung Beratus Protected Forest have been repeatedly extracted with methanol. The samples were then concentrated using a rotary evaporator until a crude extract was obtained. Each extract was tested by toxicity to larva Artemia salina L. The toxicity test for larvae A. salina have been done at seven concentration levels, i.e: 1,000 ppm, 500 ppm, 250 ppm, 125 ppm, 62.5 ppm, 31.2 ppm, and 15.6 ppm. The result of the research showed that extract of D. rugosa had the highest toxicity among all the other extracts. The lowest LC50 value, i.e. 125.57 ppm, was shown by A. salina at the concentration of 1,000 ppm and mortality rate of 87%.

ABSTRACT
This research aimed to obtain information about the values of biomass and carbon content in the primary forest of the one and the five year logged over areas (LOA) in Siberut Biosphere Reserve, West Sumatra. It was conducted on December 2007. Three sample units of 50 x50 m2 each were established in each vegetation plot. The results showed that the biomass of forest stands of more than five cm of diameter in primary forest with tree density of 114.25 tree/ha was 131.92 ton/ha, while the one year LOA with tree density of 69.25 trees/ha was 70.39 ton/ ha, and the five year LOA with tree density of 113.83 trees/ha was 97.55 ton/ha. The carbon content and sequestration of carbondioxide each site were 65.96 ton C/ha and 242.07 ton CO2/ha, 35.19 ton C/ha and 129.15 ton CO2/ha, 48.77 ton C/ha and 178.99 ton CO2/ha. Consecutively in the primary forest, the tree species with the highest biomass potency, carbon content and sequestration carbondioxide was koka (Dipterocarpus elongates Korth.) i.e. 132.28 ton/ha, 66.14 ton C/ha and 242.73 ton CO2/ha. The potency of necromass in primary forest, one year LOA and five year LOA were 0.65 ton/ ha, 0.78/ha and 0.73 ton/ha respectively.

ABSTRACT

The research of intensity and motivation of forest plant illegal taking was conducted in 4 resorts of Conservation Section II of Gede Pangrango National Park (GPNP) : Resort of Bodogol, Resort of Cimande, Resort of Cisarua, and Resort of Bojong Murni. Data was collected by interviewing 118 respondents representing buffer zone communities of those 4 resorts. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis. The result showed that the intensity of forest plant illegal taking out during the year 2005 was 9 cases in Resort of Cisarua, 11 cases in Resort of Bojong Murni, 3 cases in Resort of Cimande, and 14 case in Resort of Bodogol, with the plants stolen are: wood working (Altingia excelsa Noronha, Schima wallichii (DC) Korth.), wood for energy (Calliandra sp., bamboo Gigantochloa spp.), pakis (Diplazium sp.), and ornamental plant. The stealing agents come from the communities surrounding the forest area. Fuel wood illegal taking was the dominant case, occurred in all resorts and increased during 2003-2005; noted 16 loads was stolen in 2003; 32 loads in 2004; and 93 loads in 2005. Based on the information from the respondent about the sum of the citizens taking forest plants, the insecure rate are Resort of Cisarua, Resort of Cimande, Resort of Bodogol, and Resort of Bojong Murni respectively. The knowledge and understanding rate of communities about the national park existency still low, showed from 59.86% communities who clarify not understand about the national park. Most of the community took the forest plants (bamboo and fuel wood) for their daily need (88,2%), only view caused by the order of others person (2,3%), or because they feel as usual activities and assumed as allowable activities (2,8%). Their low education and income rate motivated them to interact the forest. Most of the communities who took forest plants are labours (66.2%), with elementary school last education background (92.2%), and under 100,000.00 rupiahs/month income (59.9%).

ABSTRACT

The construction of tree volume table for Agathis loranthifolia Salisb was proposed to estimate the production of the species in the Forest District of Kedu Selatan, Central Java. In this study two volume tables have been constructed based on 56 sample trees with the distribution of diameter at breast height of 30-67 cm and the distribution of tree height of crown base of 14-25 meter. Two volume tables were developed using formulas V = a.d b and V = a.db.tc, where V = tree volume, d = diameter at breast height, t = tree height and a, b and c = constants. The results showed that based on the accuracy criteria used (standard error, mean and aggregative deviation), the resulted regression equations were acceptable for estimating tree volume with the standard errors of less than nine percent, mean deviation of less than six percent and aggregative deviation of less than 0.2%.

ABSTRACT
Watershed management planning in Indonesia currently uses USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation) as the assessment approach of critical land. The weakness of USLE model is that at can only used to predict soil erosion. The model does not consider hydrological condition of watershed. Areal Nonpoint Source Watershed Environment Response Simulation (ANSWERS) is another model which can eliminate the weakness of USLE. The main objective of the study is to test the ANSWERS model to predict sediment yield and runoff on pine forest sub watershed. This research was conducted in the year 2003 on the Watujali and Silengkong sub watersheds, Sempor District, on Perum Perhutani forest area. These sub watersheds were covered by pine forest. The t-test results showed that there were no significant differences between the direct runoff actual (Q-act) and predicted (Q-prd). However, they had considerable different values. In the Watujali sub watershed, Q-prd was 576.0 mm; Q-act was 494.5 mm; Soil erosion prediction (E-prd) was 1.21 ton/ha; and Soil erosion actual (E-act) was 2.95 ton/ha. In the Silengkong sub watershed, Q-prd was 938.4 mm; Q-act was 845.4 mm; the predicted soil erosion was 10.12 ton/ha; and actual soil erosion was 6.09 ton/ha. The result indicates that the ANSWERS model is not yet applicable for watershed management planning simulation. Before using the simulation of this model, it is suggested to add more paired data of rainfall event and stream flow. Afterwards, this model could be performed for a second time. Due to high rainfall distribution on the research area, it is necessary to add more rain gauge stations in order to increase rainfall data accuracy. Finally, this result is still a preliminary study for further implementation and simulation of the model.

ABSTRACT

Good quality seedlings is needed to rehabilitate critical lands. Mycorrhizal infected seedling is one way to establish high quality seedlings. Tusam (Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vriese) is a tree which can be associated with ectomycorrhizal fungi. The aim of the experiment was to examine the effect of spore powder doses of Scleroderma citrinum Persoon and media compositions on root infection and growth of pine seedling in nursery. Factorial in completely randomized design was employed. Spore powder dose factor were 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 g, and media composition factor were subsoil, subsoil : sand (7:3), and subsoil : compos (7:3). The results showed that dose 0.1 g of spore powder with the media of subsoil and subsoil : sand (7:3) were able to infect roots significantly and influenced height growth, diameter, total dry weight, and top-root ratio on seven month old seedlings. Media of subsoil : compos (7:3) with 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 g spore powder did not infect the roots. The media composition of subsoil : sand (7:3) inoculated with 0.2 g spore powder produced the highest percentage of mycorrhizal infection (77.6%).

ABSTRACT

A study was carried out from June 2005 to February 2006 in Desa Parit, Kecamatan Sungai Tarab,  Kabupaten Tanah Datar, Sumatera Barat Province. The objective of this study was to find out the effect of several dosages of the organic fertilizer from the silkworm farming waste and its combination with chemical fertilizer (urea, TSP, KCl) on mulberry leaf production. The study used Completely Random Design (CRD) with six dosages, namely 1 kg organic fertilizer/tree, 2 kg organic fertilizer/ tree, 1 kg organic fertilizer + 20 g chemical fertilizer/tree, 2 kg organic fertilizer + 20 g chemical fertilizer/tree, 20 g chemical fertilizer/tree, and control (no fertilizer). The result showed that the application differ not significantly for leaves number, but it differ significantly for hight, branches numbers, and leaves weight. The application of 1kg organic fertilizer + 20 g chemical fertilizer/tree gives the best result for height and leaves weight.

ABSTRACT

Recreation is an activity to give pleasure and to refresh the people mentality. Punti Kayu Recreational Park (PKRP) is not only a natural recreation place in Palembang City but also popular for citizens. In spite of, the number of visits to PKRP is decrease every years. The aim study is to obtain information that determine visitors behavior factors at PKRP. The information can be used to improve the number of visits in the future. Collecting and processing data used likerts scale method. Data was analyzed by multiple regression model. The results show that the visitors behavior is influenced by promotion, product, price, and psychology factors but education and income factors don’t influence visitor behavior. In those factors psychology is the dominant factor.

ABSTRACT

Rehabilitation of critical land in Timor Barat should be done with holistic approach considering socio economic and cultural aspect. The problems of forest and land rehabilitation effort in this area are: poverty, less job opportunity, and high dependency on dry farm agriculture and animal husbandry. The rate of critical land in several watershed such as Benain Noelmina in Timor Barat is very high. Therefore, the approach of land rehabilitation should integrated and more specific. This research is intended to gain the information on land rehabilitation alternative through the development of community forest based on mamar system. Methods used on this research were survey on biophysics of mamar and interview with villagers, village administrators, and custom leaders. The results showed that mamar system could be developed as a community forest model to support land rehabilitation program. The benefit of applying this system is that the management of critical land will be based on local inisiative which is suitable with land characteristics, socio culture and indigenous knowledge, therefore it can increase people participation to reach the purpose of forest and land rehabilitation.

ABSTRACT

Research on forest floor biomass and litter fall was conducted in Blanakan mangrove forest, Subang, West Java in July-December 2006. Stratified random sampling method was used with 2 plots of ± 50 m x 50 m each. Three observation spots in each plot were located purposively. Parameters observed were fresh weight, dry weight, moisture content, layer depth of organic material, and litter fall. The data then were analyzed using descriptive analysis. Result showed that the the available total biomass on Blanakan mangrove forest floor were 11.164 ton/ha and moisture content = 74.60%; the biomass consisted of humus layer = 4.37 ton/ha, fermentation-1 layer = 1.558 ton/ha, fermentation-2 layer = 0.84 ton/ha, and litter layer = 4.369 ton/ha. Litter layer was at the depth of 0-1 cm, fermentation layer was at 1-2.5 cm, and humus layer was at 2.5-3 cm. The rate of litter fall was 8.56 ton/ha/yr of fresh weight are 6.23 ton/ha/yr of dry weight. Based on mangrove species dominant at Blanakan, it was found that api-api (Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.) produced more litter than bakau (Rhizophora apiculata Blume) i.e. 6.51 ton/ha/yr and 4.95 ton/ha/yr respectively.

ABSTRACT
Indonesian tropical rain forest is known to have excellent species diversity for its wood and non wood forest production. Forest harvesting activities those diversity directly or indirectly. The impact of the activities includes decrease of forest biotic composition, even extinction of some species and also forest productivity decrease. In order to manage the log over areas, some information is needed to support the effectiveness of monitoring and evaluation activities by the decision maker to manage the next rotation program. (kalimat loncat). The important information include species diversity, similarity index, stand structure, and residual stand. This research aim ed to know the log over areas condition, related by several forest health monitoring indicators in order to achieve the sustainable forest management. A survey was done by field observation and measurement of the existing condition without any additional treatment. The observed and measured parameters and aspects were tree species and diameter; species diversity, similarity index, stand structure, and residual stand. The results showed at log over areas, species diversity was still high, similarity index was 51%, residual trees average was 30%, consisted of 22% of Dipterocarpaceae (commercial) tree, 30% of commercial non Dipterocarpaceae tree, and 43% of non commercial tree. Residual stand based on diameter class 10 cm ≥ D < 20 cm, 20 cm ≥ D < 40 cm, and 40 cm-up still remained 19%, 38%, and 40%, respectively. There was stand structure change, from formerly virgin forest to log over area.

ABSTRACT

A study of vegetation characteristic of proboscis monkey’s (Nasalis larvatus Wurmb) habitat at Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan was conducted by establishing line-plots sampling method. The result recorded 46 plant species belonged to 44 genera and 31 familie growing in the habitat. Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl. is the most dominant species of the vegetations, with stages of tree, pole, and seedling, each with the Important Value Index (IVI) of 262.7%, 113.6%, and 60.3%; respectively, while at the sapling stage, Hibiscus tiliaceus L. dominated the vegetation with the IVI of 70.0%. The most common tree species used by proboscis monkey for general activities like eating, resting, and sleeping included S. caseolaris (L.) Engl. and Heritiera littoralis Dryand. The plant species that produced food for this animal included S. caseolaris (L.) Engl., Syzygium sp., Uncaria sp., Premna corymbosa (Burm. f.) Rottl. & Willd., Vitex pinnata L., H. littoralis Dryand., Caesalpinia sp.,Derris spp. (2 species), and Baringtonia sp.

ABSTRACT
Increasing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is one of the factors which causes global climate change in the world. Development and conservation of forest vegetation such as mangrove forest is one of the ways for decreasing CO2 concentration in atmosphere. Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. belongs to mangrove forest species that has high ability for carbon sequestration. In this research, carbon estimation in A. marina stand and analysis of soil organic carbon were conducted. The research was conducted at BKPH Ciasem, KPH Purwakarta, Perum Perhutani Unit III West Java and Banten. Average of soil organic carbon was 2.9% from five soil sampling points. The content of soil organic carbon was categorized as moderate. From the destructive sampling activity in the field, the following allometric models were obtained: above ground biomass Y = 0.1848(DBH)2.3524R2= 0.9839, below ground biomass Y = 0.1682(DBH) 1.7939R2 = 0.8581, and total biomass Y = 0.2905(DBH)2.2598R2= 0.9815. A. marina stand at BKPH Ciasem had potency of total biomass content and total carbon content of 364.9 and 182.5 ton/ha, respectively. The uptake of total CO2 and average CO2 at BKPH Ciasem were 669.0 ton/ha and 14.2 ton/tree, respectively.

ABSTRACT
As a new national park in Indonesia, Batang Gadis National Park (BGNP) needs comprehensive planning from stakeholders to manage its zonation in order to avoid mismanagement. The planning should emphasize a link between conservation rule and economics by empowering community around the national park. This research was conducted to provide information about diversities of flora in each forest types in BGNP and also alternative strategy to manage wilderness zone of BGNP. Four types of forest including montane primer forest, sub montane forest, secondary forest, and degraded land or forest were observed. The diversities of vegetation were measured at ten plots for each types of forest. The total number, diameter and height of trees at ten plots of each forest types were measured. The total numbers of sapling, seedlings, and under stories of the plots were also counted. All parameters were used to find diversity indices that include species richness, Shannon, Simpson, species abundance and similarity indices. The result revealed that 117 species were identified of which 14.5% was composed of dipterocarps species. Montane primer forest had relatively higher species diversity compared to three other forest types. The value of its species diversity ranged from 2.5 until 3.5. The value of similarity indices in all forest types is low with mean under 50%. Alternative programs which may be developed in wilderness zone include areal patrol and safety, research and development, enrichment planting on secondary forest and degraded land types, management of restricted ecotourism and also non timber forest product utilization.

ABSTRACT
Grazing area functions as food supplier for animal, especially big herbivore mammal, and center of animal activity, for instant: grooming, child caring, and other social interaction. Beside that, grazing area functions as habitat of various plant species included plant with function as natural pesticide. The objective to this research is to identify the species richness of plants functioning as natural pesticide on Bekol savanna area in the Baluran National Park. Data collection was done by determining sample quadrant size and sampling unit quantity as well as species density and frequency. Data were analyzed with Important Value Index (IV) method. Result of this research indicate that there were seven species functioning as natural pesticide out of 38 species at Bekol savanna area. It means that 18% of all species functioned as natural pesticide. 

ABSTRACT
Plantation productivity is influenced by many factors such as: plant spacing, light intensity, and plant species. High quality planting materials with appropriate spacing and optimum environmental condition appear to be dominant factors that determine planting success. Shorea parvifolia Dyer. is one of the most valuable and fast growing tree species belongs to Dipterocarpaceae family. The growth of S. parvifolia at seedling stage needs shading with close planting space, but wide planting space is for the next stage of the growth. The objective of this study was to identify appropriate plant spacing to increase S. parvifolia growth in natural forest. The result of this study indicated that diameter of S. parvifolia at five years old with spacing of 1 m x 1 m; 1.5 m x 1.5 m; 2 m x 2 m; and 3 m x 3 m, are 6.7 cm, 7.3 cm, 7.3 cm, and 8.9 cm, respectively. Diameter increment for plantation at 1-5 years old with similar spacing were 1.61 cm, 1.20 cm, 1.94 cm, 1.32 cm, and 1.14 cm, respectively and in 35 years the diameter of this species is expected to reach 50.47 cm.

ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to investigate the most suitable formula of soybean powder as an artificial food to substitute pollen for development of Apis mellifera L. colony. The study was conducted at Sari Bunga apiary, Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia. Three forms of soybean-based foods: fermented, fried without oil, and boiled soybean were fed to the honeybee colonies inside hives that were previously installed with or without pollen trap. Completely randomized block design was applied to analyze colony palatability to certain form of soybean and to understand the effect of artificial food on colony development. Results showed that palatability of honeybee to fried soybean was lower than the other two (P<0.01). There was no significant different (P>0.05) of colony development among treatments, observed as percentage of mortality, body weight and protein content of workers, development of colony population. The result further revealed that development of colony populations in hives installed with pollen trap was lower than those without pollen trap (P<0.01).

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research was to find out information on financial feasibility of the Apis mellifera L. honey bee enterprises. The method used was a description through a case study in the form of document analysis (desk study) by collecting data from three companies in West Java. Results showed that the average value of honey production was 14.38-30.62/kg/colony/year with the basic production price of Rp 7,190.- – Rp 20,500.-/kg honey, the basic selling price of Rp 8,040.- – Rp 25,600.-/kg honey and the selling price of Rp13,500.- - Rp 33,000,-/kg honey. The total honey produced at the break event point was 1,230-6,459 kg and if it was converted into the total colonies were 84-240 colonies in which the total honey bee selling price at the break event point was Rp 37,594,000.- – Rp 84,214,000.-. These values were higher than those at the break event point meaning that they were profitable. The benefit cost (B/C) ratio was 1.0-1.39 at the level of 10 percent. The payback period of the invested fund could be gained entirely was 41-58 months from the maximum proposed period of 60 months. The maximum internal rate of return that can be paid by Apis mellifera L. honey bee enterprise was 10.2-75%. The net present value (NPV) at 10 percent discont level was Rp 218,900.- -Rp 228,945,600,-. These results suggested that Apis mellifera L. honey bee enterprises were feasible as the production was higher than that at the break event point, the B/C ratio was greater than one, the maximum interest level that can be paid was higher than the bank interest, the net present value at 10 percent discont level was positive and the payback period of the invested fund was shorter than the maximum proposed period.

ABSTRACT
Economic analysis of Koffco System is important to support technology transfer of mass propagation for users in particular private sector. The objectives of the research were to determine selling price of seedling and to know economic feasibility of Koffco System as commercial nursery unit. Data analysis methods to set the price were mark up pricing on cost method and target pricing method, while the economic feasibility used were NPV, BCR, IRR, BEP and Pay Back Period methods. The results showed that the selling price was Rp. 2.500,-/seedling and based on this process, Koffco System is feasible at production capacity of 33.750 seedling/year with NPV of Rp. 27.058.705,-, BCR of 1,10 and pay back period was 1.23 year. Hence, Koffco system is a feasible for propagation of commercial species that are difficult to regenerate naturally..

ABSTRACT
This research conducted at Siberut Island Biosphere Reserve, West Sumatra in June 2007, was aimed at investigating biophysics potential and carbon contents of mangrove forest. Two sampling plots each 0.25 hectares were built at 1,300 m distant from coastal line to analyze vegetation composition, carbon potency and soil fertility. The inventory of mangrove species was conducted along 1-km of a 2-km riverine-mangrove forest. The results showed there were 10 species of mangrove trees grew in the forest, i.e. Rhizophora apiculata Blume, R. mucronata Blume, Bruguiera cylindrica W.et.A., B. gymnorrhiza (L). Savigny, Xylocarpus granatum Koen, Barringtonia racemosa Blume, Ceriops tagal C.B Rob., Aegyceras corniculatum Blanco, Luminitzera littorea Voigl., and Avicennia alba L. The result of soil chemical analysis showed that, high of concentration of carbon (C) of 23.22%, nitrogen (N) of 0.73%, natrium (Na) of 10.4 me/100 g, potassium (K) of 4.51 me/100 g, however lower concentration of phosphat (P) of 3.9 ppm and cation exchange capacity of 18.93. Vegetation analysis, showed that mangrove species was dominated by R. apiculata with density of 80 trees per hectare, R. mucronata of 28 trees per hectare, and B. gymnorrhiza of 12 trees per hectare. Biomass and carbon contents of mangrove stands composed of R. apiculata, R. mucronata, and B. gymnorrhiza were low: 49.13 ton per hectare and 24.56 ton C per hectare or equivalent to 90.16 ton CO2 per hectare.

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to obtain data and scientific information on potential of useful plants in Mandor Nature Reserve, West Kalimantan. The study was conducted in five observation plots distributed in the northern part of the nature reserve. The plots were 1,000 m x 20 m in size established on the area of 10-60 m above sea level. Specimens of the plants sampled were taken for species identification purpose. There were 30 species of useful plants found in the five observation plots including 11 species of edible fruits, four species suitable for handicraft, eight species of medicinal plants, one species of insecticide plants and six species of ornamental plants.

ABSTRACT
Models on deer (Cervus timorensis Mul. & Schl. 1844 ) population dynamic in Baluran National Park consisted of three sub models, i.e. sub model savannah of Bekol, sub model deer dynamics, and sub model society. This system model illustrate deer population growth influenced by illegal hunting, attack of ajag (Cuon alphinus Pallas 1811), also supports of savannah habitat of Bekol. Simulation result showed that existence of illegal hunting and attack of predator above 7% caused decreased on deer population. Necessary measures must be taken by national park management to decrease illegal hunting and attack of predator under 7% every year, in order to maintain sustainability of deer population.

ABSTRACT
One causes of the clean water scarcity problem in Indonesia is the poor quality of the available water. Many of the stream flows have been appallingly polluted and could not be consumed properly. Some of the stream flows from forest areas also show indication that they have been contaminated by pollutant substances. River water quality is closely related to the types of land uses. Research conducted in pine forest area in Gombong was aimed at determining the effects of land uses on river water quality. Thirteen stations along the Kemit river were selected as observation points of water samples. Based on the observation, the results indicated that in general, river water quality within pine forest area in Gombong had good quality and can be used for washing and bathing, whereas, lower stream had poor quality. The quality of river water decreased along with the increasing numbers and types of land uses within catchment area. The poor quality of the water mainly was affected by land uses, such as settlement, rice field, and agricultural land. Deposition of those pollutants from human activities, such as pesticides and domestic wastes within the river may have negative impacts to the environment. Therefore, to sustain and maintain the water quality of the river, comprehensive efforts on reducing pollutants from the catchment area are urgently required. The efforts include reforestation around the settlements, improvement of recharge area of agricultural wastes and control of the domestic waste.

ABSTRACT
This study was aimed at investigating the effect of dosage and frequency of NPK fertilizer application on the growth of Shorea ovalis Korth. (Blume.) wilding was carried out in the nursery and laboratory of the Forestry Research Institut Pelembang, from Maret until June, 2007. The experiment was arranged in factorial design with 3 replicates. The treatments were fertilizer dosage in five levels (i.e. 0; 0.25; 0.5; 0.75 and 1.00 grams/seedling) and frequency of fertilizer application in two levels (i.e. once a month and every 2 months). Survival percentage, height, diameter, number of leaves increment and seedling quality index were used as parameters of seedling growth. The result showed that fertilizer dosage gave highly significant (p < 0.001) effect on height increment, and seedling quality index of S. ovalis seedling. Fertilizer dosage gave significant (p < 0.05) effect on survival percentage and number of leaves increament of S. ovalis seedling. Frequency of fertilizer application gave only significant (p < 0.05) effect on height increment. Interaction between treatments had no significant effect on all parameters of S. ovalis seedling growth. The best treatments to all growth parameters were fertilizer dosage of 0.25 gram/seedling and application frequency of once a month.

ABSTRACT
The study was aimed at obtaining information of the population status, habitat types, and diversity of birds at Bayah Forest District of Banten. The observation was done by establishing a plot , 1 km in length and 50 m in width, in each habitat. The result indicated that 104 bird species of 31 families. Were found in the study site, 21 species of then are protected based on PP. No. 7, 1999. Pitta guajana Muller is catagorized as Appendix II CITES. Bird habitat in Bayah Forest District can be divided into 4 types, namely natural forest, mahagony plantation, teak plantation, and mixed plantation. The mixed plantation was the most diverse in bird species (H’ = 3.54, E = 0.9). The density and diversity of birds in each habitat are consecutively dominated by Ptilinopus jambu Gmelin (240 birds/km2 and 0.33), Zoothera andromedae Latham (150 birds/km2 and 0.20), Collocalia maxima Linnaeus (120 birds/km2 and 0.24), Orthotomus sutorius Pennant (120 bird/km2 and 0.23), and Chloropsis cochinchinensis Gmelin (120 birds/km2 and 0.17). In-situ management of the birds in forest is carried out by Perum Perhutani by maintaining natural forest as protected forest. In addition, people surrounding forest area are encouraged to help in avoiding illegal hunting.

ABSTRACT
Ectomychorriza is specifically associated with certain plants, but one host plant could associate with some ectomycorrhizal fungi or one ectomycorrhizal fungus associates with a few host plants. From different ecological areas there can be found some different ectomycorrhizas. The objective of the study was to know local ectomycorrhizal fungi diversity at forest area of Sipirok (South Tapanuli District), Tongkoh (Karo District), and Aek Nauli (Simalungun District) which can be used to increase seedling quality and plant growth, especially in supporting critical land rehabilitation. The result found that there were 16 ectomycorrhizal fungi which belongs to 3 species (Boletus sp.(1), Suillus sp.(1), and Inocybea sp. under pine (Pinus merkusii Jungh. Et de Vriese) stands at Sipirok, 5 species (Russula sp.(1), Russula sp.(2), Russula sp.(3), Russula sp.(4), and Lactarius sp.(1) under pine stand at Tongkoh, and 9 species (Scleroderma citrinum, Suillus sp.(2), Russula sp.(1), Russula sp.(5), Russula sp.(6), Lactarius sp.(2), Russula sp.(7), Russula sp.(8), Boletus sp.(2), and Boletus sp.(3) under pine stand at Aek Nauli. The local ectomycorrhizal fungi which were found are very important to support plant growth in the nursery. Ectomycorrhizas in these areas should be protected as genetic resources of ectomycorrhiza due to its diversity.

ABSTRACT
This research was designed to get information on the characteristics of small scale private forest using mix farming pattern which is sustainably managed (product, income, and ecology). The study was focused on technical and socio-economical aspects. The result indicated that so far the mix farming pattern is still managed traditionally. The compositions of planted species varied among sites, the commonest timber species planted were sengon, mahagony, and maesopsis, while fruit species were durio, parkia, and melinjo. In Pandeglang the pattern was composed by 38.45% of timber trees, 49.88% fruit trees, and 11.67% under growth, while in Sukabumi it was composed by 52.43% of timber trees, 28.68% fruit trees, and 18.89% under growth. Income gained from this pattern depend on the composition of species planted i.e. timber trees and fruit trees and kinds of wood product soled. In Pandeglang, income which was gained from this pattern was Rp 2,477,323/ha/year (21.62% was derived from timber trees), while in Sukabumi was Rp 3,973,039/ha/year (60.30% was derived from timber trees). The vegetation structure in this pattern was simpler as compared with those in natural forest, however tree density and canopy cover was almost similar with those of natural forest. The number of species of the pattern in Pandeglang was more diverse than those in Sukabumi. Biodiversity condition of the pattern both in Pandeglang and Sukabumi at tree and pole varies between 28-39 species and its crown cover was about 96.4% to 246.3%, hence ecologically it is a better system. The productivity of the pattern could be increased by using good method of silviculture and plantation system.

ABSTRACT
Transition matrix growth models were developed based on re-measurement data of permanent sample plots collected from four blocks of logged-over forest areas in Central Kalimantan. Trees in the plots were classified into thirteen 5 cm diameter classes ranging from 10 to 72.5+ cm and three species groups: commercial dipterocarp, commercial non-dipterocarp and non-commercial. In the matrix growth models, number of trees in the stand and number of trees in individual diameter classes of the species groups were modelled as a function of time. The models comprised three components, i.e. ingrowth, upgrowth, and mortality. Results of the model estimation indicated that ingrowth of a species was affected positively by the number of individuals of the same species and influenced negatively by basal area of the stand. The transition (upgrowth) and mortality probabilities of a species were found to be a function of the stand basal area and tree diameter. The predictions of the number of trees in individual diameter classes were then tested against actual data. Comparisons with actual data indicated that the predicted stand structures (diameter distributions) over six years were unbiased.

ABSTRACT
Agarwood is classified as one of the non-timber forest products which possess a high commercial value. Product of agarwood can be obtained by picking it up from the trees which died naturally. Due to the difficulty in getting dead trees as well as market demand with higher price, people now look for agarwood by cutting down the trees and chopping up the stems to find parts of the wood that contain agarwood. The high exploitation of trees in some areas results in the depletion of the wild resource. One of the conservation efforts to maintain sustainable production of agarwood for the future is through cultivation conducted in various central production areas and suitable sites. The success of cultivation is mainly influenced by the availability of good quality of plants. Hence, the study on seedling maintenance in the nursery done by split plot design with the media as the main plot and NPK fertilizer dose treatment as sub plot can be expected to gain technical information on fertilization for good quality of seedlings. Observation on growth of karas (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.) seedlings with four media type treatments (A: soil, B: soil + compost (1:1), C: soil + sand (1:1), and D : soil + compost +sand (1:1:1)), and three NPK fertilizer dose treatments (a : 0 gram, b : two gram, and c: four gram), suggested that media B (mixture soil + compost (1:1)) and D (mixture soil + compost + sand (1:1:1)) with induction of two grams NPK fertilizer produced optimal percentage of growth and quick to reach age ready for planting.

ABSTRACT
Agarwood is categorized as a non-timber forest product which has complex use values, not only for perfume and cosmetics, but also for medicinal industrial materials. The products were initially taken from the dead trees, but people nowadays tend to cut down the trees to obtain agarwood which could lead to the depletion of the resource. Since 2004 the species of Aquilaria sp. and Gyrinops sp. have been listed as endangered species in the Appendix II by the Commission of CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna). A number of reservation efforts to maintain sustainable production of the agarwood could be done through cultivation. Based on the biological nature of the plants, the agarwood seedlings can be cultivated either from the seeds which fall from the tree or from the seeds taken from the mature fruit. Technically, growth of the seeds in yielding good quality and optimal number of seedlings will be influenced by germination media type used. Through examination on seeds fall from the trees (A) and seeds taken from mature fruits (B) germinated by three media types, i.e. (a) soil, (b) soil + organic compost (1:1) and ( c) soil + zeolith sand (1:1), it can be suggested that growth percentage of seeds fall from the tree (A) was about 82.88% while that of seeds taken from mature fruit was only 70.33% after three months. The good germination media was indicated by the media treatment of soil combined with organic compost (b).

ABSTRACT
The Meru Betiri National Park in Jember, was selected for this research conducting in June and November 2007. This research was aimed at examining the population, distribution of Dipterocarpaceae species and profile of the tree flora characteristic of the location (Sumbergadung and Lodadi) including tree composition and vegetation structure. Data were collected from 15 sample plots of 20 m width with total of 300 m long strips (20 m x 300 m) where Dipterocarpaceae species was found. The trees within 20 x 20 square meters plots were inventoried in each strip to more than 20 cm diameter. Poles of 10-19.9 cm and saplings of 2-9.9 cm in diameter were inventoried in 9 plots of 10 x 10 square meters, and seedling of < 1.9 cm in diameter were inventoried of 5 x 5 square meters. Number of species and individu, tree height to first branch, diameter at breast height, crown diameter were recorded. The results of the two location showed that, there are one species Dipterocarpaceae (Dipterocarpus hasseltii Blume) in Sumbergadung namely 29 tree species stage, 13 species pole stage, 11 species sapling stage, and eight species seedling stage. In Lodadi there were 16 species tree stage, 16 species pole stage, nine species sapling stage, and eight species seedling stage. Two variables of profile characteristic were analyzed to determine the vegetation along plot (50 m x 20 m). The Sumbergadung tree stage was dominated by Pterospermum javanicum Jungh. (INP=29.75%), pole stage was dominated by Ficus septica Burm. (INP=53.52%), and sapling stage was dominated by Cinnamomum porrectum (Roxb.) Kosterm. (INP =56.15%). Of the tree stage in Lodadi was dominated by Tetrameles nudiflora R.Br. (INP=37.01%), pole stage was dominated by Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. (INP=40.11%), sapling stage was dominated by Dipterocapus hasseltii Blume (INP=43.08%), and seedling stage in Sumbergadung and Lodadi was dominated by Calophyllum inophyllum L. The stratification of the tree flora community in the Sumbergadung and Lodadi Meru Betiri National Park consisted mainly of three strata. The highest stratum was between 35 to 40 m high. However,few emergent trees can be 44 m tall or more with 45 to 95 cm diameter, i.e. D. hasseltii Blume and Ficus septica Burm.

ABSTRACT
Mangrove plays important roles in both coastal and terrestrial ecosystem. One of important roles of mangrove is a producer of nutrients by decomposing dead leaf, which enriched coastal water with esensial nutrient to increase fisheries productivity. The research was conducted to study comunities structure of plankton in mangrove waters and compare it with sea waters. Three water samples were collected from mangrove and sea respectively for identification. The results found 22 spesies of plankton in mangrove water and 12 spesies in sea water with abundance of 828-1,548 individu/litre at mangrove water and 882-972 individu/litre at sea water. Diversity indices of plankton on mangrove water were 2.402-2.633, and sea water were 1.527-1.839. The evenness indices of mangrove water were 0.831-0.859 and sea waters were 0.713-0.798. Dominance indices of plankton in mangrove water were 0.102-0.134 and sea warter were 0.243-0.288.

ABSTRACT
Soil microbe inoculation to growth media is expected to improve the seedlings growth. This research aim is to know the fermentation time of EM-4 inoculum which produce the best growth of sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielsen) seedling in nursery. Research was conducted on June-September 2006, at nursery of Forestry Research Intitute of Makassar, South Sulawesi. This research used Complete Randomized Design (CRD), with five treatments of fermentation time namely: F0 = without fermentation (control); F1 = fermentation during 3 days; F2 = fermentation during 6 days; F3 = fermentation during 9 days; F4 = fermentation during 12 days. Growth parameter observed are plant height, diameter, and leaf number. Result of research showed that application of EM-4 can improve observed growth of sengon seedlings in nursery. Treatment yielding optimal growth is fermentatin during 6 days. Growth at all treatment was still effective until second period, but next growth period at media without fermentation showed the slower growth as compared to the media of fermented.

ABSTRACT
Indonesia has the highest resources potency of the agarwood tree producer in the world. Naturally they grow at various condition of ecosystem and forest type. At the beginning people collected agarwood from the died tree, but due to the increased demand in the market and naturally selling price turned higher, people
started hunting and cutting living tree. This activity endangers the agarwood natural population. Since year 2004, the genus of Aquilaria spp. and Gyrinops sp. have been put in the Appendix II CITES (Convention on International Trade on Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna). In order to support the conservation effort, ecological study of agarwood tree producer is needed. The research was conducted through field survey in 3 sites namely site at 200 m above sea level. Each observation was replicated 3 times. The location of the study was in Tabir Ulu subdistrict on Sorolangun regency on Jambi Province. The results showed that air temperature range from 20-33º C, humidity range from 78-81%, light intensity range from 56-75% with rainfall range from 1,200-1,500 mm/year. Tree Aquilaria spp. population in forest area according to altitude mean only 7 tree, the population potency of seedling nature average from each mother tree of the Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk mean amount to 287 seedling (20,3 m2 crown canopy) and for the type Aquilaria microcarpa Bail amount to 331 seedling (24,5 m2 crown canopy).

ABSTRACT
Forests cover a quarter part of world land area and plays an important role in maintaining global environment, such as controlling flood, desertification process, and sequestration and fixation of CO2. The existing of forest was decreasing due to slash and burn activities, over forest felling for fuel wood and commercial timber, conversion of forest land to other uses. Our world is now opening to adversity of global warming. It is believed that most of CO2 and other green house gases were released from economics activities formed a layer surrounding world atmosphere, stopped solar energy, and caused a raise average temperature. Climate change caused by global warming has overcome to more intent natural disaster in some parts of the world as before. Concerning this situation, BP2TPDAS-IBB have conducted a study to collect and analyze some data to quantify the fixation of carbon content, stands biomass by making allomatric equation in teak (Tectona grandis LINN) as one favorite species in developing industrial plantation forest. The study was located at teak plantation forest at Cepu Forestry District (KPH), Perum Perhutani Unit II, Central Java. The research deals with the observation of the current condition and does not employ a treatment. The research methodology used to quantify carbon sequestration in the plant biomass was IPCC approximation guidelines. In this research assumed that, the amount of absorbed and stored of carbon contents in plant was the same as the carbon content in the plant biomass. The results of the study show that the correlation equations between stand/plant age and diameter, total dry weight biomass and diameter, also carbon content and diameter give high value of determination coefficient. It means that those equations could be used to estimate the carbon content of teak stand/plant.

ABSTRACT
Information about potency of medicinal plants have not yet recognized in Dieng plateau. Therefore, the medicinal plants inventory was conducted. This research elaborates the diversiy of that plants in Dieng plateau. The method used in this research was vegetation analysis using 1 m x 1 m plot. The diversity of the vegetation was measured by Shannon Diversity Index (SDI). The result of this research indicates that the highest SDI in Dieng plateau is Eupatorium riparium Reg., followed by Curculigo latifolia Dryand., Smilax zeylanica Linn., Gynura procumbens Back., Begonia hirtella Link., and Rubus reflexus Ker. On the contrary, the lowest SDI in Dieng plateau is Dryopteris pteroides Rumph., followed by Dryopteris marginalis Rumph., Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC., and Urena trifolia Linn. The utilization of this potency and the effort to conserve both ex-situ and in-situ are also elaborated.

ABSTRACT
Lack of biodiversity information in islands has been a long time problem for conservation. Birds can be considered as indicator groups of wildlife to support conservation acts in different types of habitat. A study was conducted to get information about avifauna in some types of habitat at Moor Island, Nabire, Papua on August of 2002. The research used observation and identification method based on encounter. The result showed three existing habitat types, namely coastal forest, shifted forest, and primary forest. There were 36 species avifauna from 17 families distributed among those habitats. The highest composition was found on shifted forest, where 18 species were encountered. The effect of habitat change from coastal forest to primary forest, found on shifted forest area is considered as causing the diversity of bird species, even if there was a problem of predator.

To halt the degradation rate of mangrove forest, the Perum Perhutani have implemented a silvofishery program, namely “Empang Parit”. However, this program are not running as it was expected. The loss of mangrove areas in one side and the expansion of pond areas in the other side indicated that the program was not effectively implemented. This condition is very critical, because when mangrove is vanishing, the ecological function will lose. Consequently the productivity of fisheries in general will decrease and the waters and fishes will be contaminated with hazardous pollutants. The objectives of this research were to study the ecological quality of degraded “empang parit” ponds that included (1) the quality of waters, (2) mercury (Hg) content of biota, and (3) mercury (Hg) content of mangrove vegetation. The result showed that the lead (Pb) content and detergent (MBAS) of waters were higher than the treshold for fishery culture. All of eight species of fishes and a species of schrimp in silvofishery pond and all of six species of fishes and a species of schrimp in common tambak (without mangrove) were contaminated with mercury (Hg). However, in general, the concentration of pollutants in silvofishery pond was lower than that of common pond. Although the concentration averages are stil under the treshold, the mercury (Hg) is a non biodegradable heavy metal, so the consumption of this material in a long period will endanger the human health. Mercury content in roost, trunks, leaves, and fruits of Rhizophora mucronata Lam. and Avicennia officinalis Linn. were not detected (less than 0.008 ppb). This could be related with the physiologycal properties and the age of the tree species.

ABSTRACT
The karas plant (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk) is one of potentialy producing plant of high commercial agarwood. Before, product was only exploited from dead tree. However, increasing utilization for perfume, cosmetica and herb drug, which raises the value, has made people look for the agarwood by cutting away living tree. Therefore, for the conservation effort and to sustain production which is not depended on natural forest, the plantation needs to be established as a solution. Constraint in plantation establishment can be solved by planting seedlings coming from seeds or the seedling growing under mother tree. Mother tree in natural forest, grown within experimental plots with RCBD design are classified based on their diameter class (D1 ± 20 cm, D2 ± 30 cm, D3 > 30 cm). Observation was done in five plots at random, with three replication, of which class of diameter was considered as treatment. After 2-3 month seeds will fall and grow into seedlings. Result showed that regeneration potential was depended on the mother tree diameter and width of canopy. The number of seedling found under mother tree Ø ± 20 cm with canopy width of 26.33 m2 : 5.082 seedlings, trees with Ø ± 30 cm and 42.60 m2 canopy : 12.397 seedlings, and trees with Ø > 30 cm and 50.13 m2 canopy gave 18.348 seedlings. Analysis of variance test and least significance difference showed that the difference in diameter class differed (significantly) in producing seedlings in nature. From the biological point of view it can be assumed that the bigger the stem diameter and the wider the canopy of mother tree, the higher potency to yield seedlings in nature. Hence the seedlings production can be estimated from the diameter and canopy width of the mother tree.

ABSTRACT
The problem in implementing exploitation method with the Indonesian Selective Cutting and Planting System (TPTI) at production forest area in Mt.Tambora, Sumbawa island was low regeneration of duabanga (Duabanga moluccana Blume) on logged over areas and substituted with another less non commercial wood species. The growth of D. moluccana regeneration required enough sunlight on open area (intolerant species). The implementation of Indonesia Strip Cutting and Planting System (TJTI) make to open areas will be created better growth on D. moluccana regeneration. The objective of this study is to obtain some information about the effect of D. moluccana regeneration on TJTI silviculture system. The study was conducted with Completely Block Randomized Design method using 4 treatments of silviculture system and 3 groups/repetitions i.e. no enrichment planting and maintenance on TJTI, enrichment planting and maintenance on TJTI, no enrichment planting and no maintenance on TJTI, enrichment planting and maintenance on TPTI. The wide of production strip is 170 m and conservation strip is 30 m. D. moluccana enrichment planting with spacing 10 m x 10 m was conducted 1 year after exploitation. The maintenance was conducted every 6 months in the first year, then one every year until 3 years old. The study result on silviculture system of TJTI showed that 4 years old after exploitation, it could increase the height, diameter, and survival of natural regeneration and enrichment planting population of D. moluccana. The growth rate of height, diameter, and survival of natural regeneration increased i.e. 47.40%, 86.68%, 183.2% respectively and enrichment planting 47.26%, 88.1%, 272.3% respectively. Regeneration of D. moluccana, 74% comes from natural regeneration and 26% comes from enrichment planting. The maintenance doesn’t increasing height and the population of regeneration, but it?s increasing the diameter. The exploitation with TJTI and TPTI silviculture system could decrease soil fertility and micro climate.

ABSTRACT
Economic and ecological benefit of protection forest has been known widely. Purpose of this research is to know potency, distribution, and change in water service potency of protection forest. Method which will be applied to measure potency and distribution of water is to measure directly the water debit and collection of secondary data of few years water debit, rainfall data, interview and data collecting at water users, either household and non household. Result of research indicates that protection forest tends to influence the amount of water of catchment area. Bolango catchment area having small capture area with big size protection forest shows larger debits compared to catchment area having big capture area with smaller size protection forest. Debit potency in sampled Bolango catchment area ranges from 16.20m³/second to 37.9m³/second or average 28.98 m³/second; Bone 5.30 m³/second to 25.50 m³/second or average15.55 m³/second; and Limboto ranges from 0.12 m³/second to 0.92 m³/second or average of 0.54 m³/second. There are not apparent changes of debit potency from the year 2002-2006. Water distribution from catchment area covers agriculture irrigation, fishery pool and karamba, PDAM, and household.

ABSTRACT
Sinjai district, South Sulawesi has a mangrove area of 960 ha; 70% of it is distributed in East Sinjai Sub District. This research was conducted to know mangrove potency, condition, public comments, and various utilization mangrove needed for management of mangrove forests. Mangrove potency was studied by using age classes observation of mangrove stand; and public comments on various mangrove utilization was obtained by using survey method on selected purposive respondents. Mangrove stand potency in East Sinjai was 8,025 trees/ha with volume of about 257.5 m3/ha. Eighty percents of respondent wished mangrove can be exploited for thinning, 20% respondents wished no logging mangrove and nobody wished clear cutting mangrove. Direct uses of mangrove could be as woods (67%), fruits (20%), and leaves (13%). Indirect uses of mangrove could be as fishes (30%), crabs (27%), shellfishes (23%), shrimp fries (50%), young milk fishes (40%), bats (7%), aberration prevention (100%), and as sea water intrusion prevention (17%). Mangrove forest management should give people a chance to exploit mangrove wood on thinning activities.